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BREVITY: IOJ: 2025

Feb 16, 2023

Year: 2022-2023: MAKING OF NEWSLETTERS

(Disclaimer: This content has been compiled by the students of the Department of Journalism, LSR. These notes are to be used purely for academic purposes. No copyright infringement intended. The blogger will not be responsible in any manner whatsoever, regarding the authenticity of the information/ opinions of students expressed in this piece.)


REPORT: MAKING OF NEWSLETTERS

Course: B.A. Hons. Journalism

Name of the Paper: Introduction to Journalism

Duration for the assignment: One month

Batch: 2023-2025

Class Strength: 34

College: Lady Shri Ram College for Women 

University: Delhi University 


An assignment of making newsletters on different topics was assigned to first year students of the department of journalism in the second week of December 2022.

Students worked on this assignment for nearly two weeks. This assignment was aimed at making students learn how to perform well in a team setting and also helped them to hone their researching and creative skills.

This assignment was conceived and supervised by Dr. Vartika Nanda, Head, Department of Journalism, LSR. It was also a part of the Media Research Cell, established in 2020.  This is the account of experience of students working in groups on varying topics of newsletter.


Group 1: Lipika, Rhythm Chandel, Shrishti Mishra, Fida Fathima

Topic: Social Media (Digital Newsletter)

Number of pages:10

Rhythm: “Since I have a bit of difficulty in talking to people and I take some time to get comfortable with them, I thought that this team project would be a very challenging task for me. Nevertheless, I went forward and put my ideas forth. To my surprise I worked well with my team members and even though there were some small obstacles and disagreements we all were able to find a common ground each time without any arguments and conflicts.When we got serious about the project , the deadline was 3 days away. I came in with an idea which all the group members agreed with which made me blissful and made me think that I can do it and that I can contribute more to it. Towards the end of the whole process I thought that working with people might not be as hard as I previously thought it would be. It sure has helped me get more comfortable with team projects that I used to dislike up until quite recently. Our work had been divided fairly and we all gave it our best. Each member came up with great ideas and contributed well. In the end there was an amazing newsletter project before us that we gave our all for and worked hard for.”

Lipika: “Keeping in mind the advancement of technology and above all our topic “social media”, we decided to make a digital newsletter. The entire process was wholesome and full of learning. Each of my teammates was cooperative and at the same time did not hang back from contributing their unique style to the project.”


Group 2: Mahi Ladhaka, Aruchi Arya,Vaishnavi Pandey, Diya Bhatiya

Topic: Television News

Number of pages: 10

Mahi Ladhaka : “If I had to put my experience of working on this newsletter in a word right here – I would have to say, I can’t. As my experience was enlightening, fun, satisfying and above all bonding with my teammates and learning together. There were times when we all were as clueless as a goldfish, at that moment we would just look at each other’s faces, laugh and find a way. I don’t like projects where other teammates are not respectful or don’t take notice of one member’s efforts or challenges or obstacles, so I would just like to say that I was lucky to be in a team which was from that. As for the topic, ours was “television news.” Again, a topic that was not only interesting but also meant something to me. Through this I could research, compile and write about stuff which actually appeals to me. I look forward to working on topics like this and more, with teams like this and more, and giving my best more and more.”


Group 3: Shreya Kela, Shambhavi Sharma, Vidhi Kanojia, Mudita Meghwal

Topic: Print Media in India

Number of pages: 10

Shreya: “I had a great time while putting the newsletter together. As a four-person team, we each brought something unique to the project. Everyone got the opportunity to do all the tasks, from research to creativity. Everyone in my group worked according to deadlines and in synchronization with each other, we didn't have to nag anyone to complete the work. I also worked on the creative part from choosing newsletter color, to its name and alignment of it. We were trying to be in constant touch with each & include everyone in the decision process. As a group, we were able to brainstorm and formulate themes together so everyone knew what the other member was doing in order to avoid last minute confusion. Working in the group made this assignment more interesting as we got to know each other better.”

Vidhi: “First things first, I loved working on this project. I had never made a newsletter in my life, so this assignment was something that made me nervous and excited at the same time. My team was super amazing, and I had a lot of fun making the newsletter. I got to know about their work ethic too. Particularly, I loved the ideation part because we were not at all rigid and welcomed all the inputs from each one of us. Our topic was ‘Print Media in India’. While researching on this topic I learned a lot about how this whole print revolution started in India. This topic was really interesting. It was a very fruitful assignment.”

Mudita: “Working in a group has never really been my strong suit but luckily the people that I partnered up with for this assignment brought out my best productive self. As a group I believe we connected well on an interpersonal level and learnt a lot about what each brings to the table. The work was done smoothly and efficiently because it was well divided and organized among the teammates. The decisions made were always unanimous while also respecting each other’s creative freedom. Most importantly it taught me how to communicate well with a group and how to bend time to meet deadlines.”

Group 4: Gahana Thorat, Angel Noah Aruva, Riya Katiyar, Kavya Vashishtha

Topic: Over the Top (OTT) 

Number of pages: 10

Gahana Thorat: “My experience of working as a team with my group was better than how I thought it would be. I’m more of a person who would like to do her work alone but this time I enjoyed working with my team. We worked on the topic of OTT for making a newsletter, which is in the trend as many people nowadays prefer using OTT for watching the content of their choice. It was a thrilling experience since many changes were made at the very last minute but the support from each and every member made it possible to complete the task on time. Each group member was ready to give the best they could for making it a success especially when the changes were to be made in the newsletter and that was the best part of working with this team.”

Riya Katiyar: “I had a great time working with my team. We all divided our work and worked on it. My teammates are so creative as well as helping. They also guide me in some way. I feel teamwork makes me understand my teammates better. I also come to know about many things while working on the newsletter. Newsletter assignment was so informative.  I got experience of how to plan a task and then execute it. These types of assignments help students in developing their creative skills. I would like to thank Vartika ma'am for giving us such a great assignment.”


Group 5: Bina Kumari, Samriddhi Garg, Surbhi Suman, Harshita Bisht

Topic: All India Radio

Number of pages: 11

Bina Kumari: “My teammates were so helpful that it didn't feel like working or making  any assignments. Our Topic was All India Radio. While working on the project,  I learned a lot of new things about All India Radio which I didn't know before. All the work, like research, photos, writing etc. was distributed among us equally so the newsletter is a collective effort. After working in a team, I came to know about my strengths and weaknesses. Had a great experience working with them.”

Surbhi Suman: “It's been a great experience to work with my learned friends. It was a group project and everyone contributed equally and our contribution was fair and no one was lacking behind. None of us have ever made a newsletter before but we tried, everyone in the group worked according to the deadline and in a synchronized manner. We tried to make our newsletter as simple as possible and that was the toughest part because we had to make it attractive at the same time. We discussed and chose the topic ‘ALL INDIA RADIO’, after that we collected the content and we invented the name of the newsletter.”

Harshita Bisht: “All my group mates were quite industrious and were equally excited for this project.  I never felt like overburdened or excluded from the work. I came to realize that Surbhi is an excellent designer, Samriddhi is a calligraphist and Beena is an internet expert.”


Group 6: Isha Yadav, Anushka Mehta, Tanzida Pervez Oishee, Muskan Mahi Giri

Topic: Soap Operas

Number of pages: 15

Tanzida Pervez Oishee : “Working together with other people for a newsletter can be a challenging task in some cases but luckily, I worked well with my wonderful group members. As a group, I believe that we connected well on an interpersonal level as all four of us were able to make alterations to any problem together. There was an equal divide in the amount of work that we all did; our contributions were fair and no one was lacking behind. Though our subject was “Soap- Opera”, my part was about Indian soap operas. As a foreign student, I had no idea about the history of Indian soap operas. I learnt a lot of things from this assignment. Also, my group members helped me do this properly. Before setting out to create a newsletter, we defined our objectives, we made plans, we collected pictures and enjoyed our works. To conclude, it was my best experience to work with my team members and I learnt so many new things. Lastly, the most important thing that I would take with me to work experience is motivation and encouragement; I will constantly encourage any of my team members when they require it and give them good constructive feedback that they can later implement into their work.”

Isha Yadav: “None of our group members had ever tried our hands on making a newsletter. So, when our HOD, Vartika ma'am, who was taking our IOJ (Introduction to Journalism) paper, we were confused but a lot excited. Our first assignment and that too, a group one was more than enough to initiate us to this wonderful world of journalism. Our group members Anushka, Tanzida, Muskan and I, Isha had chosen 'Soap Operas' as our topic. Soap operas have been an integral part of our upbringing. We started with the discussion and the planning of the project, and one of our group mates Tanzida is a Bangladeshi native, which made us feel personally responsible for introducing her to famous TV serials. Our group discussions have always been enthused with a heavy dose of laughter and even a greater dose of knowledge. Through our discussions we came to know about the world and how the serials represented society. Moving on, the execution of the project, that is designing and formulating the project was quite easy and clear since we divided the work amongst us. Everyone did their best for the project, and that too promptly, which made us complete the newsletter on time. We had a beautiful and enriching experience.”


Group 7: Nanki Singh, Rivka Vasudeva, Bhumika Tyagi, Nyonika Katiyar

Topic: Cinema

Number of pages: 20

Nanki Singh: “It was a marvelous experience to work as a team for my first college assignment. I was overwhelmed at first when the task of the newsletter was given. We chose our team members and each member wore responsibility and determination towards the task. We had an exciting topic - Cinema to work on and we titled it ‘Karwaan’ which means “journey through the ages”. It was admirable to see how each group member had put in so much time and effort to bring out such a successful task. We had discussions regarding the topic, the title, the gathering of information, our creative work through pictures, the cover page and finally we presented ma’am with an outstanding team effort. The assignment taught me how unity in a team always bears a sweet fruit. In the end, I was deeply satisfied when I saw my professor smiling at our work.”


Group 8: Afza Khan, Gourvi Joshi, Vishakha Kumari, Ananyashree Rathore

Topic: Media Literacy: Media and the Mind

Number of pages: 8

Gourvi Joshi: “Our experience of making the newsletter titled, "Media and the Mind", was an inseparable blend of "pragmatic learning with fun". Since this activity was for the group of quads, we did clear demarcation of work in the first meeting itself. While Gourvi, Ananyashree and Afza did the research of their respective sub-topics, Vishaka was in-charge of putting it all together in the decided format. Once the personal research neared completion, we all sat down to review the content, necessary changes being made, the content was sent forward to Vishaka to calligraph and adorn the newsletter with caricatures.Working on the newsletter, as a group, surely gave us a simulation of work life and how to balance both professional and personal aspects of our relationships with each other while caving in on personal preferences for greater good of the outcome.”

Afza Khan: “After the pandemic, working on a group project and that too in-person was a fantastic experience along with a pinch of novelty in it. Our brainstorming sessions were the most unusual type one can imagine: skimming through the library shelves while mentally coming up with the titles and ideas. Although being anxious about the deadline, we managed to complete the tasks with a constant stream of contribution and feedback from each other. Working on this project was definitely a memorable experience and has given me many valuable insights to take forward.”


Video link posted on the YouTube channel, Vartika Nanda:

2023: कैदियों की सुध लेती सरकार:दैनिक जागरण: 16 फरवरी, 2023

आज के दैनिक जागरण के संपादकीय पृष्ठ पर प्रकाशित।

इसमें तिनका तिनका की ओस्लो जेल के दौरे का भी विवरण है।

Link: कैदियों की सुध लेती सरकार; जेलों का मजबूत और मानवीय, दोनों ही बने रहना अत्यंत आवश्यक - government is taking care of prisoners it is very important for prisons to remain strong and humane both (jagran.com)



Feb 14, 2023

Jail with a library and road to reformation: Story of Tinka Jail Radio in Haryana’s Panipat Jail completing two years

Harpal comes dressed to the library every day and spends the entire day either issuing books or reading by themselves. Welcome to the Tinka Jail Library in Haryana’s industrial town, Panipat. Tinka Prison library was established on 8th February, 2023. Jail library is located next to the Jail Radio room. It is aimed at increasing literacy level in jail and also to provide ample material to the radio jockeys for preparing broadcasts.

Today, inmates celebrated the 2nd birthday of the jail library. On this occasion, a special podcast made by Dr. Vartika Nanda, the force behind establishing jail radio in Haryana and also Tinka jail library in Panipat jail, was broadcast on the jail radio for the entire inmate population. Tinka Tinka Jail Radio podcasts are the only podcasts in India that are devoted to prison reforms. Vartika Nanda, founder of Tinka Tinka Foundation has conceived these podcasts.

Constructed in March 2019, this is the modern prison in Haryana. It has a prison population of nearly 1000 inmates.

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Feb 13, 2023

Delhi Police: Podcasts: Kissa Khaki Ka: Episode 57

 Promo of Episode 57:  


Watch on YouTube: https://youtu.be/KpBXPKIKzCs

Fifty-Seventh Episode of Kissa Khaki Ka: Released on 12 February 2023:


Feb 12, 2023

Weekly Class Reports: Introduction to Journalism

 WEEKLY REPORT: 23rd January- 28th January, 2023

A discussion was initiated to understand the concept of archives, its various types (professional archives, religious archives, government archives, museums, corporate archives) and how the component of archive was interrelated with good governance. Relevant examples were cited to support the discussion.

The class was engaged in a dialogue that was aimed at understanding the concept of citizen journalism. The discussion was extended to its various aspects such as- the idea behind the notion of citizen journalism, types, impact and disadvantages.

Riya, a student, attempted a presentation on the topic of citizen journalism and helped further the understanding of the concept.

Written Assignments: Students were presented with the task of writing a note on the concept of citizen journalism with the aim of helping the students evaluate their understanding of the topic.

Tasks: A critical thinking task was assigned to the students that involved reading about the concepts of penny press and tabloid press, and how such topics could be formulated into a written piece that addresses the concept in an enhanced yet precise way.

Report By: 
Athira Biju
(BATCH 2022-2026)

WEEKLY REPORT: 30th January- 4th February, 2023

Penny Press was taken as the subject for class discussion. The discussion included the history,  components, and ethical dilemmas related to Penny press.

Penny Press, an initiative founded by Benjamin Day could be understood as the term used to refer to newspapers that were sold for a cent. 

"The object of this paper is to lay before the public, at a price within the means of every one, all the news of the day, and at the same time offer an advantageous medium for advertisements."

Penny Press introduced the idea of sensationalism with the publication of human interest stories and suchlike. And it enjoyed a lot of popularity.

Day's idea majorly focused on common people and their interests. 

This initiative also saw the introduction of newsboys. The quality of the content published in such papers could pose an ethical dilemma especially in the media sphere.

A presentation by the students (Vishakha, Vidhi, Gahana and Mahi) supported the class discussion.

Report By:
Athira Biju
(BATCH 2022-2026)

WEEKLY REPORT: 6th February- 11th February, 2023

Detailed discussions were held on the concepts Tabloid Press, Principles of Writing and Components of News. Students were also briefed about improving their writing skills. 

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USE OF INTERNET

DISCLAIMER: The notes given below are the compilation of information from various sources based on the topics that were discussed in the ‘Introduction to Journalism class. These notes are being compiled to help the students of Journalism enhances their knowledge.


DEPARTMENT: B.A. (Hons) Journalism

SEMESTER: I

PAPER: INTRODUCTION TO JOURNALISM

UNIT: II

TOPIC: USE OF INTERNET

HISTORY

The Internet started in the 1960s as a way for government researchers to share information. Computers in the '60s were large and immobile and in order to make use of information stored in any one computer, one had to either travel to the site of the computer or have magnetic computer tapes sent through the conventional postal system.

Another catalyst in the formation of the Internet was the heating up of the Cold War. The Soviet Union's launch of the Sputnik satellite spurred the U.S. Defence Department to consider ways information could still be disseminated even after a nuclear attack. This eventually led to the formation of the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), the network that ultimately evolved into what we now know as the Internet. The packet switching technology was essential to the development of ARPANET by the United States Military. ARPANET is considered the first known group of interconnected computers aka the internet.


EVOLUTION

In 1969, the network connected four computer sites only. When the World Wide Web (WWW) was developed in 1993, interest in the Internet exploded. January 1, 1983 is considered the official birthday of the Internet. Prior to this, the various computer networks did not have a standard way to communicate with each other. A new communications protocol was established called Transfer Control  Protocol/Internetwork Protocol (TCP/IP). This allowed different kinds of computers on different networks to "talk" to each other. ARPANET and the Defense Data Network officially changed to the TCP/IP standard on January 1, 1983, hence the birth of the Internet. All networks could now be connected by a universal language. 

                             
TIMELINE


1969 ARPANET

1971 E-mail

1974 Beginning of TCP/IP

1983 ARPANET computers switch over to TCP/IP

1987 The internet grows

1991 First web page created

1991 The first webcam

1995 INTERNET surface in India

1996 The creation of social media

1998 GOOGLE!

2001 Wikipedia is launched

2005 YouTube came into existence.


INTERNET TECHNOLOGY & ITS USE IN DIFFERENT SPHERES-

EDUCATION- Internet technology in education boosted the process of learning and research work. It offered a new approach to learning and studying. the Internet can be used as a tool to learn the latest news all around the world as well as getting any kind of information that serves different purposes such as learning more information about a hobby or health. Therefore, it can be said that the Internet is the source of spreading information quickly to a large audience and of going beyond the limitation of time and space.


BENEFITS OF INTERNET

·    Higher interactivity

·    Flexibility of learning

·    Cost-effectiveness

·    Dynamic and actively updated

·    More students opting for online education

·    Multimedia-integration


COVID-19 & EDUCATION

At the height of nationwide lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic, up to 1.6 billion children were affected by school closures, causing the largest mass disruption of education in modern history. This joint report by UNICEF and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) presents new insights into children and young people’s access to digital connectivity worldwide, as well as the factors that drive inequities among and within countries.

As a result of this learning crisis, UNICEF has joined forces with ITU to launch Giga, an ambitious global initiative to connect every school to the internet and every young person to information, opportunity and choice. With the support of Generation Unlimited, UNICEF now works under the Reimagine Education initiative to transform education by giving children and young people equal access to quality digital learning.


HEALTH SECTOR- In recent months, the COVID-19 pandemic has left the world in an unprecedented position. New concepts have emerged, such as socially distant and priority technologies such as the cloud, Internet of Things (IoT) services, and artificial intelligence. Likewise, the Internet of Things and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) have witnessed a series of ground-breaking revolutions in response to the coronavirus crisis. These technologies in healthcare can have a lasting impact on the future. From high-quality healthcare devices to popular appliances, IoT technology is becoming smarter and connected to the internet, enabling seamless communication between networks and devices.

Healthcare Professionals & Internet-

•      Deliver basic and continuing medical education and training.

•      Communicate inexpensively with colleagues, clients

•      Keep track of research in progress.

•      Search authoritative databases easily & inexpensively.

Healthcare consumer will find on the Internet-

Physician and hospital information.

Wellness, fitness, and diet information.

Disease information and support.

Injury information and support.

IoMT is a very important step into the field of medical science which has a lot of potential to be discovered and made use of. The IoMT technology provides patients with an opportunity and access to better healthcare. There will also be a minimization of errors because of the data that is entered.


SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY- Beyond the fact that technology is both a process and a result of science, technological developments provide the tools used in many forms of scientific study and experimentation, from centrifuges used for the separation of fluids to computer programs used in the study of quantum physics. In teaching students the scientific process of inquiry and problem-solving, it is necessary to utilize current technologies. Students will need to use field-appropriate technologies to research questions, construct and execute experiments, and analyse results.

Technology provides the eyes and ears of science—and some of the muscle, too. The electronic computer, for example, has led to substantial progress in the study of weather systems, demographic patterns, gene structure, and other complex systems that would not have been possible otherwise. Technology is essential to science for purposes of measurement, data collection, treatment of samples, computation, transportation to research sites (such as Antarctica, the moon, and the ocean floor), sample collection, protection from hazardous materials, and communication. More and more, new instruments and techniques are being developed through technology that make it possible to advance various lines of scientific research.

Technology does not just provide tools for science, however; it also may provide motivation and direction for theory and research. As technologies become more sophisticated, their links to science become stronger. In some fields, such as solid-state physics (which involves transistors and superconductors), the ability to make something and the ability to study it are so interdependent that science and engineering can scarcely be separated. New technology often requires new understanding; new investigations often require new technology.
 

E-COMMERCE- E-Commerce or Electronic Commerce means buying and selling of goods, products, or services over the internet. E-commerce is also known as electronic commerce or internet commerce. These services are provided online over the internet network. Transactions of money, funds, and data are also considered E-commerce. The standard definition of E-commerce is a commercial transaction which happens over the internet. By 2020, global retail e-commerce has reached up to $27 Trillion.

The e-Commerce market is a digital one – based on information technology. Thus, in order to take place e-commerce needs its own infrastructure, which is the support on which the new services and products are being built. They enable the creation of new markets beyond national borders, in which individuals and organizations from around the world are interacting. Among the most important elements that underpin eCommerce are: the technological component, capital, media, and public policy. Regarding technological infrastructure, it is represented most strongly by the Internet, along with the computer network through which data and information are transmitted and received.

Types of E-Commerce Models-

Electronic commerce can be classified into four main categories.

1. Business to Business 

2. Business to Consumer                      

3.     Consumer to Business
              
4.     Consumer to Business
 

BANKING - Internet banking, also known as online banking, e-banking or virtual banking, is an electronic payment system that enables customers of a bank or other financial institution to conduct a range of financial transactions through the financial institution's website.

Online banking requires a computer or other device, an Internet connection, and a bank or debit card. In order to access the service, clients need to register for their bank's online banking service. In order to register, they need to create a password. Once that's done, they can use the service to do all their banking.

Checks can now be deposited online through a mobile app. The customer simply enters the amount before taking a photo of the front and back of the check to complete the deposit. Online banking is fast and efficient. Funds can be transferred between accounts almost instantly, especially if the two accounts are held at the same institution. Consumers can open and close a number of different accounts online, from fixed deposits to recurring deposit accounts that typically offer higher rates of interest.


TRADING- Online trading is an act of buying and selling financial products through an online trading platform. Stocks, bonds, options, futures, and currencies can all be traded online. These platforms are normally provided by internet-based brokers and are available to every person who wishes to try and make money from the market.

There are several benefits of online trading-

·    It is cheaper

·    It is convenient

·       It almost eliminates the middleman

·       You can monitor your investments anytime

·       Investor has greater control

·       Faster Transactions

·       Better understanding of one’s money

 

POLITICS- In politics, the Internet has produced three types of change. The first is the way that politicians reach the voting public. Previously, politicians could only reach the public using the established media (television, radio, or newspapers and magazines) or by meeting people on the street. This is no longer the case.

The second change produced by the Internet relates to the participation of the average citizen in political processes. People used to be limited to voting, sit-ins, strikes, public gatherings, letter writing, and similar types of activities, but since the advent of the Internet, many new activities have developed.

The third change caused by the Internet is the creation of a whole new group of participants in the political process. Before the Internet was available, the only private groups that were politically active were either very large, very specialized, or both; the Internet has enabled small, local groups to also participate in politics.

The Internet may also change the way in which political groups and politicians conduct election campaigns, keep in touch with constituents, and forge alliances with other groups or individuals. The Internet may also enable small groups with limited resources to participate in the political process.


JOB OPPORTUNITY- Searching for a job or getting a job has become much easier than before. Candidates can browse the internet to search for a specific job based on their profile or interest. They do not need to go from company to company to know whether there is any vacancy or not. There are many websites which inform people about jobs. Candidates can submit their resumes on these sites and know about the vacancies while sitting at home. Apart from this, most of the reputed companies have their own official sites where they also keep posting for job updates. Candidates can find a suitable job and apply accordingly. Interviews are also conducted online these days over the internet.


ENTERTAINMENT- The internet has played a significant role in entertainment. It has changed the way that entertainment is viewed, consumed and also the way in which it’s received. Many years ago, entertainment was primarily enjoyed in real time and live. Now, we are able to watch things live and also watch replays of entertainment thanks to the provision of the internet. As with everything, this has many implications for the entertainment industry and has helped artists globally

Visibility

The internet has millions of users who are searching for both information and entertainment on a daily basis. There is an overload of entertainment available for them to consume because of how easy it is to upload content and share it. Once upon a time, entertainment was something that could only be shared if people were there to see it in person by word of mouth. Now it can be seen by people all over the world because the internet has no barriers. Social media platforms, for instance, have made many entertainers more influential than they may have been without their existence. It has also played a prominent role in curating entertainment. The Internet simplifies the process of entering films into contests and makes it possible to network with many more people. Most of all, it allows filmmakers to get their work “out there”, getting attention on the web before a movie mogul ever sees it. 

Accessibility

Similar to visibility, the internet has made entertainment more accessible. Now, people from anywhere in the world have access to various content that is available. This means that someone in China could see an art exhibition taking place live in London. It also means that people are able to experience a variety of cultures from the comfort of their own homes. Seeing as 47% of the world’s population is said to now use the internet, this means that almost half of the world has the ability to access and consume eclectic forms of entertainment.
 

MEDIA- Journalists use the Internet daily as a tool for reporting events and issues comprehensively to viewers and readers. The Internet helps every stage of the reporting process from thinking of a story idea to presenting the story. Reporters also go to the Internet to find story topics, identify experts and monitor a subject. They use it to check names, addresses and other facts. The Internet helps journalists tackle broad themes, find background information on unfamiliar people or issues and keep up with the developments.

PRINT MEDIA - Information and communication technology has greatly impacted the form and practice of journalism. Changes that were witnessed technologically led to changes in newspaper page layout in the 1880s and 1890s. The emergence of tabloids was occasioned by high-speed photography. The coming into force of motion pictures led to the conception of newsreels. The coming of the telegraph and satellite made the transmission of news even quicker hence a greater premium on timelines and witnessing news. People who were not physically present at a place where an event unfolded could actually watch all the undertakings from their television monitors. The Internet has since emerged as a medium of publication, just like newspapers and television. In modern times, the Internet has been used in reporting.

BROADCASTING MEDIA-   The internet is now a major means for passing out information in the form of news and other forms to a wide audience. It is the newest vehicle of communication and has gone ahead of all other forms of communication. Even our   traditional media Television and radio have their online platforms for internet users.  Viewers that are not in the country are even encouraged   because   they   can   still   follow   up   on   their   country’s   news   and   information conveniently from wherever they are in the world. In essence, the internet provides people in a country with the technical apparatus to do more than just receive information. They can respond to messages they receive, choose the images they want and also send out their own messages.


CONCLUSION- The Internet is helping people to keep up with what is happening around the world. Many news and information websites provide real-time updates on various categories, such as politics, history, news, geology, leisure, sports, technology, marketing, and more. One can easily select the category of interest and stay connected with updates. The presence of e-newspapers and magazines is updating people and helping to cut paper usage. The internet has become the need of this technological era, and we cannot expect a life without the internet these days. Like everything else in the world, the internet has both good and bad things about it. The Internet is easy for anyone to use because it is a cheap tool but its consequences can’t be ignored. Therefore, one should use it in a healthy way.


Compiled By: Shambhavi Sharma & Shreya Kela

HARD NEWS VS SOFT NEWS

DISCLAIMER: The notes given below are the compilation of information from various sources based on the topics that were discussed in the ‘Introduction to Journalism class. These notes are being compiled to help the students of Journalism enhances their knowledge.


DEPARTMENT: B.A. (Hons) Journalism

SEMESTER: I

PAPER: INTRODUCTION TO JOURNALISM

UNIT: I

TOPIC: HARD NEWS VS SOFT NEWS

Time Period: The mentioned topic was discussed in class in the first week of January, 2023. 

 

HARD NEWS VS SOFT NEWS

News is a vital component of modern society, providing information about events and issues that are shaping our world. Although news stories can fall into more than one category, these are mainly classified into two broad categories- Hard News and Soft News. Hard news and Soft news are two distinct forms of news content in journalism. Both types of news serve different purposes and play an important role in providing a balanced and comprehensive view of current events.

 

HARD NEWS

This is the term journalists use to refer to “news of the day.” Hard news refers to the news stories that have a big impact on the society as a whole and need to be reported urgently. It’s a chronicle of current events/incidents and is the most common news style on the front page of the typical newspaper. Hard news gives readers the information they need.

Examples of hard news stories include reports on crime, court cases, government announcements, house fires, awards ceremonies, plane crashes, international events, etc.


SOFT NEWS

This is a term for news that is not necessarily time-sensitive. Soft news refers to the stories that provide other background information about lifestyle and entertainment and typically revolves around culture, art, and human-interest events. Since these do not deal with serious subjects, they are labeled as “soft”. Feature stories take a step back from the headlines to explore an issue in depth.

Examples include sports news, celebrity news, or human-interest stories that deal with emotions.


HARD NEWS VS SOFT NEWS

WRITING STYLE

Hard news reporting uses clean and uncluttered writing. It may start with a summary lead that describes what happened, where, when, to/by whom, and why (the journalist's 5 W's). Written in the soft news style, they are an effective way to write about complex issues too large for the terse style of a hard news item. A feature usually focuses on a certain angle, explores it through background research and interviews with the people involved, and then draws conclusions from that information.

Hard news stories are supposed to be strictly objective- the journalist need not give his or her opinion on the story, but should provide facts as they are. The hard news stories also ideally follow the Inverted Pyramid structure of writing. Soft stories can be, and are editorialized. They can be subjective, and do not follow the Inverted Pyramid.

This distinction is not a straightjacket; sometimes it becomes very difficult to distinguish between the two. For example, where do we classify a story done on the personal lives of politicians?

 

DEADLINES

A reporter covering a hard news story is given a much tighter deadline, owing to the urgency of the coverage Soft news can also be a timeless feature- for example an article on “The Benefits of Chocolate”, “Tips to Lose Weight”, etc. can be published at any given point of time. The writing style here is much more flexible.

Hard news includes politics and business. Hard news journalism refers to breaking news and up-to-the-minute news about serious, timely, or hard-hitting topics that are timely and urgent, usually based on facts and rigorous research. Political journalism, business journalism, and watchdog journalism are forms of hard news Soft news primarily focuses on entertainment. Soft news journalism focuses on lifestyle and entertainment and typically revolves around culture, art, and human-interest events. Soft news includes sports journalism, entertainment journalism, and celebrity coverage


EXAMPLES:

·       A breaking, surprising event of great import on most of the public and/or the environment (e.g. epidemic, natural disaster, terror attack)

·       New findings, discovery or report regarding a continuing story of great significance for most of the public and/or the environment

EXAMPLES:

·       Reports on a light or exotic topics (gossip, fashion, consumerism) that can be reported at a later time or not all.

·       Light or routine news that for non-substantive reasons (famous personality) or media competition (‘scoop’) must be reported immediately.

(This is compiled by a team of 3 students from the batch 2026. This is published under the Media Research Cell, established by Dr.Vartika Nanda in the year 2020.)

Hard News and Soft News: Year 2025

(Disclaimer: This content has been compiled by the students from various sources. These notes are to be used purely for academic purposes. No copyright infringement intended. The blogger will not be responsible in any manner whatsoever, regarding the authenticity of the information included in the notes.)

 News plays a vital societal role by covering events which helps in shaping our world. Though categories can overlap, News is broadly divided into two types: Hard News and Soft News.

Hard News

Hard News is the headlines that are actual, straightforward, concise, straight to the point, which are immediately published or as soon as possible known by the public.

Hard News is serious news, commonly seen on front pages and covering events like crime, court cases, government announcements, disasters, etc., distinguished from routine news items, feature stories or human-interest stories.

Writing Hard News follows the inverted pyramid structure with the most important part at the opening of the news.

Lead (terrace) Hard News usually uses the Who, What, When, Why, How, Who does WHAT, WHEN AND WHY.

CHARACTERISTICS OF HARD NEWS

Concerning Actuality: The definition of the actual is being the talk of many people or       events that have just happened.

Using the Reverse Pyramid System in news writing: The core of information should be present in the initial paragraph and important data following in the following paragraphs, ending with some other information that is not primary.

The Ability of the Contents of the News: 5W + 1H is a news element and must be present.

To Provide Information: Information should be provided in a such a way that the readers who do not know, know.

Length: Since it provides actual information and meets the 5W + 1H needs, the length should be about 100-200 words without much exaggeration.

  Soft News

Soft news deals with topics or events that are lighthearted or not serious.

Soft news is the news that, in terms of structure of the writing, is relatively more flexible, and in terms of content, not too heavy. For instance, writing to describe the difficulties faced by small people due to recent economic crisis. Or writing about the artist Meriam Bellina, who has a new hobby of collecting antique flower pots.

The principle of writing Soft News is not tied to the reverse pyramid structure. What will be highlighted in soft news is not an important element, but an element that can “touch the feelings” of the audience (human touch) or the element of “entertaining.

 The more that news is the inverse—less politically relevant, more focused on individuals and framed episodically, and more personal and emotional—the “softer” it is, or the more closely it approximates soft news.

 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOFT NEWS

 Focus on Human Interest: Soft News often center around the lives, experiences, and emotions of individuals.

Entertainment and Lifestyle: Soft News includes entertainment news, celebrity gossip, fashion, food,and other lifestyle topics that appeal to a broad audience.

Storytelling and Multimedia: It frequently uses storytelling techniques, including narrative structures, character development, and vivid descriptions, to engage the reader.

Subjectivity and Opinion: Unlike hard news, which strives for objectivity, soft news can incorporate more subjective viewpoints and opinions depicting the subject’s personal experiences.

Length: There are no length constraints in soft news, they can range from brief snippets to longer feature pieces, depending on the specific story.


Link to notes on “Hard News and Soft News" from previous years: 

Year: 2023

https://vartikananda.blogspot.com/2023/02/hard-news-vs-soft-news.html



ATTRIBUTION, BREVITY, ON-RECORD, OFF THE RECORD

(Disclaimer: This content has been compiled by the students from various sources. These notes are to be used purely for academic purposes. No copyright infringement intended. The blogger will not be responsible in any manner whatsoever, regarding the authenticity of the information included in the notes.)

DEPARTMENT: B.A. (Hons) Journalism

SEMESTER: I

PAPER: INTRODUCTION TO JOURNALISM

UNIT: I

TOPIC: ATTRIBUTION, BREVITY, ON-RECORD, OFF THE RECORD

Time Period: The mentioned topic was discussed in class in the second week of December, 2022. 


ATTRIBUTION

In journalism, journalists are opined to write news stories that are educating, informing, entertaining, and persuading others. News stories are real-life situations therefore it is factual. It is real so journalists are to report on accurate news.

Journalists rely on a range of sources to get the facts that are based on evidence or proof. Thus, they are expected to provide shreds of evidence for whatever they are reporting. In journalistic writing, these shreds of evidence come in the form of videos, pictures, recordings, quotes, and ATTRIBUTIONS.

Attribution simply means telling your readers where the information in your story comes from, as well as who is being quoted.

Generally, attribution means using a source’s full name and job title if that's relevant. Information from sources can be paraphrased or quoted directly, but in both cases, it should be attributed.


EXAMPLES:

SOURCE (PARAPHRASE)

William Tale, a police official, said the murder case is very unusual.

SOURCE (DIRECT QUOTE)

“This murder case is so out of the box. I’ve never seen anything like this”, said William Tale, a police official.

Direct quotes should be surrounded by quotation marks and include the source’s exact words. Paraphrased statements and indirect quotes should not be placed in quotation marks.


IMPORTANCE OF ATTRIBUTION

Attribution is very important in media writing; it helps to establish an objective tone and adds credibility to an article. One must not keep out readers in the dark and hence attributing the information adds extra weight to it. Attribution gives stories a perspective. It tells readers how we know what we know. It is important to give credit to the person or group who spent the time researching and writing in order to provide that information. It allows readers to find the source later if they want to read it themselves.

Learning the critical role attribution plays within the craft is one of the true building blocks necessary to become a strong, ethical reporter and hence Effective use of attribution is a matter both of journalism ethics and of strong writing.

Buttry goes on to note: "Attribution is a key ingredient in any story’s credibility”.


Attribution is an important aspect of reporting, yet there exist situations where it should be avoided. Following are the cases when it's not needed.

FACTS– Facts that are universally accepted like, Sun rises in the East, do not need any proof thus do not need to be attributed. In cases where we as a journalist have witnessed an event ourselves, there the question of attribution does not arise at all. Also, whenever something is way too evident to be quoted, attribution is not necessary.

OPINIONS– There is no alternative to attribution when statements made are opinions. The exact balance of attribution depends on the kind of story you are writing or the material you can use. If the statements are reliably factual throughout, you only need to attribute occasionally. If, however, the story is heavy with opinion or unreliable statements, you should attribute at least once every two sentences.

Attribution becomes even more important in the world of media because listeners and readers have a tendency to believe everything as truth. So, in order to differentiate facts with opinions, attribution in opinions is a necessity.


DIFFERENT TYPES OF ATTRIBUTION

In his book News Reporting and Writing, journalism professor Melvin Mencher outlines four distinct types of attribution:

1. On the record: All statements are directly quotable and attributable, by name and title, to the person making the statement. This is the most valuable type of attribution.

Example: "The U.S. has no plans to invade Iran," said White House press secretary Jim Smith.

2. On Background: All statements are directly quotable but can't be attributed by name or specific title to the person commenting.

Example: "The U.S. has no plans to invade Iran," a White House spokesman said.

3. On Deep Background: Anything that is said in the interview is usable but not in a direct quotation and not for attribution. The reporter writes it in their own words. 

Example: Invading Iran is not in the cards for the U.S. 

4. Off the Record: Information is for the reporter's use only and is not to be published. The information also is not to be taken to another source in hopes of getting confirmation. 


In conclusion, attribution in journalism plays a crucial role in ensuring the accuracy and credibility of news stories. By properly attributing information to its sources, journalists can maintain the public trust and provide with a clear understanding of where the information came from. Effective attribution helps to ensure that journalism remains a trusted and reliable source of information in an ever-changing media landscape.

Attribution, while also ethical, serves as a sort of armor for journalists. We make it clear: it’s not our words, it’s the words of this person or agency.


BREVITY IN JOURNALISM

INTRODUCTION

There is a great power in words, as long as you don’t hitch them all together.

Brevity is a highly prized attribute of communication in journalism often associated with clarity which is a major goal in communications. It is the quality or state of being brief in duration. When applied to writing, it means using as few words as possible to communicate a message or idea. This can be done through the use of short sentences, active voice, and specific language.

BREVITY: The power of saying more with less. The civic argument for the “Smart Brevity” style is that it’s the sort of “just the facts” kind of journalism that is needed to cut through partisan noise.

However, Brevity does not mean sacrificing quality or accuracy. A journalist must still be able to tell a story and provide context in a limited amount of space. But with practice, it is possible to communicate effectively without being wordy. Thus, brevity should be proportional, neither leaving out anything necessary nor including more than is needed.

For e.g. - Write less, say more' is the slogan of US digital news outlet Axios. It has created a writing style called 'smart brevity' to help readers scan for the information they need and go about their busy lives.


IMPORTANCE

 1. In a fast-paced world, journalism must be concise to be effective.

2. Brevity is one of the most important attributes of written or spoken discourse. Brevity avoids “static, unnecessary information”.

3. “Brevity is confidence, length is fear”; if journalists ramble, it is usually because of the absence of command over the information, lack of actual effort in collecting facts and any wrong agenda. This makes the news material less trustworthy. Hence, brevity indirectly increases faith and credibility.

4. In the age of social media, where people are bombarded with information, brevity is more important than ever. A well-written article with a clear and concise message is more likely to be read and shared than one that is long and rambling.

5. Brevity is a central component for achieving clarity, which is the primary goal of written communication.

Brevity in journalism is a crucial aspect of effective news reporting. By focusing on clear, concise writing, journalists can deliver the most important information to their readers in a straightforward, easily and digestible manner. Brevity in journalism allows readers to quickly grasp the essence of a story, and stay informed about the world around them.

 

ON AND OFF THE RECORD

INTRODUCTION

We often hear the term ‘On the record’ and ‘Off the record’ in our daily life. When used correctly, these phrases can help navigate sensitive topics, lend credibility to one’s statements, and strengthen their relationship with reporters. But by using them incorrectly or failing to clearly define the terms in an interaction with a reporter, one can risk inappropriate sharing, backlash, and damaged relationships. Unless a person enters into an agreement ahead of time, he should always expect that anything he tells a reporter could end up in a news story, whether it's in print, online, or on television.


‘ON’ THE RECORD

All statements are directly quotable and attributable, by name and title, to the person making the statement.

Example: "The U.S. has no plans to invade Iran," said White House press secretary Jim Smith.

The most straightforward of the two, “on the record” means everything one says can be reported on and attributed to him. Unless otherwise stated, assume one is “on the record” whenever he communicates with a reporter. Whether he speaks on the phone, in person, via email, or through a tweet, anything he says is fair game for attribution. If a reporter follows up with him after an interview with additional questions or to clarify some of his answers, he is “on the record” once again.

Remember:

When talking to a reporter, one generally will not say that something is on the record unless he has previously been speaking off the record. Avoid going on and off the record multiple times during a conversation.

 

‘OFF’ THE RECORD’

The information provided is not for publication. However, the information you provide can be used without attribution to verify its veracity with another source.

Example: politician A says, “Off the record, you should look at politician B’s campaign finances. Lots of weird stuff.”

So, I look at it. If I call B and ask him about it, I won’t say A told me. On that matter, A is an anonymous source.

Though “on the record” is clear and direct, “off the record” is more ambiguous. While it means what one says cannot be published or attributed to him, don’t throw caution to the wind just because one has used it. To establish that something is “off the record”, the source and reporter must both agree to the terms before one can share any sensitive information that he doesn’t want to quote. Otherwise, if he or she doesn’t acknowledge the assumed terms, what he says is fair game for publication and reporters are obliged to grant retrospective off-the-record requests—they have every right to quote something one has said even if he later asks that one’s statement be off the record (he or she can’t unhear it!).

Go “off the record” anytime you want to tip off a reporter about an issue, but don’t want the public to know that you were the source because of some sensitivity. It’s also commonly used when meeting with a reporter for an informational meeting (instead of an interview) to provide details about you, your work, and issues that are important to you, and to suggest potential story ideas.


In conclusion, understanding the difference between on and off the record in journalism is crucial for maintaining ethical standards and preserving the trust between the journalists and their sources. By being aware of the implications of going on or off the record, journalists can make informed decisions and report accurately and responsibly.

(This is compiled by a team of 3 students from the batch 2026. This is published under the Media Research Cell, established by Dr.Vartika Nanda in the year 2020.)

Feb 8, 2023

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