Public Service Broadcasting Day: Selected album from All India Radio

Today is Public Service Broadcasting Day. This day is observed on the 12th of November every year to mark the historic address of Father of the nation and freedom Fighter Mahatma Gandhi through the radio.

A red-letter day in the History of Broadcasting, father of the nation Mahatma Gandhi paid his first and only visit to the Broadcasting House in New Delhi on this day in 1947. Mahatma Gandhi addressed the grief-stricken Indians staying in Kurukshetra, and displaced from Pakistan, through a special broadcast on the country’s festival Deepawali. Freedom fighter Rajkumari Amrit Kaur also accompanied him during the visit.

I am sharing a few pictures from the past- images that are precious to me, clicked in the same All India Radio premises, few fortunately recorded in the Gandhi Studio, the historic space.

I wish to extend my deepest gratitude to all the broadcasters and production staff who have been the unsung heroes behind the scenes. Your dedication and tireless efforts are truly commendable. It is because of your work that our culture, heritage, history, and music have been preserved for generations. I only hope that the youth of today and tomorrow will come to recognize and appreciate the invaluable contributions you have made in safeguarding our collective legacy.

To add, Tinka Jail Radio has contributed to public service broadcasting by attempting to introduce prison radios in different jails

Media reportage of marginalised sections: Children, dalits, tribals, differently-abled, old-aged persons

Marginalisation means when a certain person or a sect of people is made to feel of lesser importance by those in power. Marginalised persons are forced to the periphery or the edge of society. This, in turn, robs them of the facilities and opportunities enjoyed by the non-marginalised sections of society.

Marginalized groups

Marginalised groups are those excluded from full participation in social, economic, and political life.

Causes: caste hierarchy, poverty, gender bias, disability, and age-based discrimination.

The media has the power to include or exclude these voices through its narratives and priorities.

Understand the Power of Media

 The media is an essential attribute of a democratic polity — both work hand in hand.

If democracy is the government of the people, then the media is the voice of the people.

 The media is the only force that ensures the free flow of information in society.

When the media is restricted, censored, or obstructed, citizens remain uninformed:

Unaware of their rights and duties,

Ignorant of their needs and social issues,

Unconscious of the role they can play in improving their society and nation. 

 Media came into existence in 1780 with the introduction of a newspaper, namely "The Bengal Gazette" and since then it has matured leaps and bounds. It has been playing a very important role in shaping human minds. The media makes us aware of various social, political and economic activities happening around the world. 

 It is like a mirror, which shows us or strives to show us the bare truth and harsh realities of life. The media also exposes loopholes in the democratic system, which ultimately helps the government infilling the vacuums of loopholes and make the system more accountable, responsive and citizen-friendly 

A democracy without media is like a vehicle without wheels. It is mostly observed that news on political and economic issues dominates over social issues. Social issues are not given the kind of importance or platform of communication that they deserve. Issues of violence against women and other forms of discrimination against women, which basically stems from inequality – both in terms of physical and economic power – between men and women, are rarely given the importance they deserve. 

 Due to the outreach and technological sophistication, the Media’s role has now expanded and increased beyond the mere supply of information. It can be said that the media can now 'create reality’. 

Media can effectively shape public opinion, influence personal beliefs, and even alter people’s self-perceptions. Ideologies, thought processes, and the methods of socialization are greatly influenced by the media. It is time that the media become highly sensitive to gender issues.

 Media Matters

“Print and electronic media do not provide a balanced picture of women’s diverse lives and contributions to society in a changing world.”

BEIJING PLATFORM FOR ACTION 1995 

Nearly 25 years ago, in 1995, during the Fourth World Conference on Women, 189 UN Member States recognised the central role of media in shifting the gender stereotypes that influence how we think and act

 Media Reporting on Child Sexual Abuse and POCSO

 How is it reported? 

 Asifa Bano: The child rape and murder that has Kashmir on edge 

 India rape: Six-year-old victim's eyes damaged in attack 

 Kathua rape-murder case verdict Live Updates: Life imprisonment for 3 accused, victim's lawyer disappointed - India Today 

Guidelines by Media Regulators

Reporting Rape

 1. The audio-visual presentation of any content will be given in a responsible and aesthetic manner, subject to the condition that the following shall not be included in these three categories: Category ‘U’, Category ‘U/A’ and Category ‘A’. (Ministry of Information & Broadcasting) [4]

2. Use suitable techniques such as masking, blurring, changing names or identities etc., particularly in the cases of minors, victims of sexual violence or dreaded diseases like HIV/AIDS or natural or other disaster,s unless there is an identifiable larger public interest involved. (Indian Broadcasting Federation) [6]

3. Electronic media should not to show visuals or details which could "re-traumatise" the victims or reveal their identities. (News Broadcasting Standards Authority) [7]

4. Where any proceedings are held under sub-section (2)*, it shall not be lawful for any person to print or publish any matter in relation to any such proceedings, except with the previous permission of the court. (Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973) [8]

 The alleged criminal and the victim, and the witnesses must be identified with utmost care, with no implications of caste or religion. Only on the strongest grounds of public interest should any of these considerations be diluted. (The Editors Guild of India) [3] 

 Actions Taken

 Disclosure of rape victims' identity:

Even the dead have dignity, can't be named and shamed, says SC

•It said that even in cases where the rape victims were alive and were either minors or of unsound mind, their identities should not be revealed as they have the right to privacy and they cannot live under such a "stigma" throughout their life. 

•"Think of the dignity of dead also. It (media reporting) can be done without naming or shaming them. The dead also have dignity," a bench comprising Justices Madan B Lokur and Deepak Gupta saidwhile hearing the matter in which senior lawyer Indira Jaising raked up the issue of section 228-A of the IndianPenal Code (IPC) which deals with disclosure of identity of victims of sexual offences.

 Based on Human Rights Watch Report — “They Say We’re Dirty” (2014)

 •Despite constitutional guarantees, marginalised children in India—Dalits, tribals, and Minorities—continue to face discrimination in schools.•

•Right to Education Act (RTE, 2009) promises free education for ages 6–14, yet nearly half of enrolled children drop out before completing elementary school.•

•Human Rights Watch report highlights systemic neglect, bias, and weak accountability.

 Key Findings

Discrimination in schools remains widespread and normalised. Teachers and staff often treat Dalit, tribal, and marginalised children unequally. Weak monitoring and redress mechanisms fail to prevent dropouts.

Over 80 million children drop out before completing elementary education 

Forms of Discrimination

Marginalised children are:

Made to sit separately or at the back of classrooms.

Insulted with derogatory names.

Served food last during mid-day meals.

Denied leadership roles or class participation.

Forced to clean toilets or do menial tasks.

 “The teacher tells us to sit on the other side... she says we are dirty.” – Pankaj, 8-year-old tribal boy, U.P.

Case Examples

Javed (10, Delhi): Called “Mullah” by teachers and classmates; felt humiliated.

Shyam (14, U.P.): Made to sit in corners, denied food, and eventually dropped out.

Naresh (12, Bihar): Forced to massage teachers’ legs and clean toilets.

These experiences create fear, shame, and alienation, driving children away from school.

Recommendations

 Stronger Monitoring: Track every child from enrolment to Grade VIII.

Effective Redress: Establish independent complaint mechanisms.

Teacher Training: Promote Inclusivity and Anti-Discrimination Education.

Accountability: Penalise those who discriminate.

Community Involvement: Strengthen School Management Committees

 What Media Need to do?

Simultaneously run programs that highlight the fact that ensuring the safety and dignity of a child is the responsibility of adults, as well as help others learn how to teach personal safety to small children without instilling fear or distrust of adults.

Follow up cases/ intermittently until the trial is complete.

What needs to be done... 

 •Terminology in reporting crime against women and children is an area where change is occurring.

•It is particularly important not to mix up what is legal with what is not and give a stamp of respectability:

•Not “images of child pornography” but “images of child abuse”;

•Not “elopement with a teacher” but “abduction”;

•Not “child prostitution/child prostitute” but “child abuse and abused child”.

•The media plays an important role in reflecting attitudes in society. Those who work in the media should be conscious of this.

 - John Battle, Head of Compliance, ITN, United Kingdom 

 Media and Dalits

 Examining Representation, Reality, and Responsibility

 According to the 2018 Oxfam report, 88% of leadership positions in Indian media were held by 'upper' castes. Dalits held no positions. Four years later, that number still remains zero.

 •In India, however, Dalit representation and reportage remain deeply imbalanced.

•Even as caste-based atrocities continue, the media narrative often overlooks, underplays, or sensationalises Dalit suffering. 

 Recent example: The CJP (Citizens for Justice and Peace) Report, Sept 2024, documented a series of brutal caste-based crimes within just two months, revealing a national crisis of justice and equality.

The Context of Caste Discrimination

Despite constitutional guarantees of equality (Articles 14, 15, 17) and the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, caste discrimination remains pervasive.

Dalits (Scheduled Castes) continue to face:

•Social exclusion and segregation

•Physical and sexual violence

•Institutional discrimination in education, employment, and justice systems

The media’s role becomes critical in exposing these injustices and holding power accountable.

Role of Media in Reporting Dalit Issues

Functions of media related to Dalit rights:

•Information dissemination – Reporting atrocities and discrimination cases.

•Awareness creation – Educating society on caste inequality and human rights.

•Accountability – Pressuring governments and institutions to act.

•Representation – Including Dalit voices and perspectives in mainstream narratives.

Yet, coverage remains inconsistent, urban-biased, and elite-driven.

Case Study — CJP Report (July–Sept 2024)

 Title: “The Alarming Rise of Anti-Dalit Violence and Discrimination in India”

Publisher: Citizens for Justice and Peace (CJP), Sept 5, 2024

The report documented dozens of caste atrocities across states within two months.

It revealed that Dalit lives remain undervalued, and media coverage was fragmented and reactive.

Selected Incidents (2024)

 Uttar Pradesh (July 23):

A 15-year-old Dalit boy forced to drink urine.

The act was filmed and circulated on social media.

Police acted only after public outrage.

Karnataka (Aug 18):

Dalit man stabbed to death after caste-based abuse.

Locals demanded justice; minimal media follow-up.

Karnataka (Sept 3):

Dalit woman poisoned to death after inter-caste marriage.

Case shows intersection of patriarchy and caste oppression.

Karnataka (Sept 4):

67-year-old Dalit elder beaten with a wooden pole for taking shelter from rain.

Attack rooted in caste prejudice.

 Status of Tribal Population in India

The tribal population constitutes a majority in the northeastern states of Mizoram and Lakshadweep (94.4%), Meghalaya (86.1%), and Nagaland (86.5%).

 The states with no Scheduled tribe groups are Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana, Delhi and Pondicherry. India has total tribal population of 10.43 crores  which is 8.6% of total population of India as per 2011 census.

Importance of Media in Social issues of Tribes

 The media has got a vital role in molding a good society to develop our lifestyle and move it on the right path, because it always try to side with the truth and relevant factor. 

It is the best tool to spread awareness in social issues of tribes and the modern society either it be political, social or economic and giving us latest sight about what is happening in our world.

Adivasis (Tribal Communities)

 The term “Adivasis” literally means “original inhabitants”. They comprise about 8 % of India’s population.

They often live close to forests and have their own languages, religions and ways of life distinct from the dominant society. 

 Many Adivasis face marginalisation because:

Their lands are taken for mining and development and they lose their livelihood and inheritance.

They are often portrayed in stereotypical ways seen as “exotic”, “primitive”, or “backward”.

 The Rise of Alternative & Community Media

 Community Radio Stations (CRS): e.g., Mandakini Ki Awaaz (Uttarakhand), Radio Dhadkan (Madhya Pradesh) – promote local culture and dialects.

Digital Tribal Journalism: Youth-led initiatives use mobile journalism to document local issues, environment, education, rights, and culture.

Social Media Empowerment: Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube have allowed tribal creators to share music, storytelling, and activism globally.

Media and Differently-abled, Old-aged persons

 Inspiration and Empowerment: Movies and news stories about achievers like Arunima Sinha or Deepa Malik help change societal mindsets.

 Awareness Campaigns: Programs like ‘Disability Matters’ and ‘Ability Fest’ promote inclusion in media and arts.

Policy Promotion: Media has supported campaigns for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (2016) and accessibility initiatives like Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan).

 Challenges & Issues

•Stereotyping: Often portrayed as objects of pity or charity rather than as capable individuals.

•Lack of Representation: Very few differently-abled anchors, journalists, or characters in films.

•Limited Accessibility: Media platforms themselves (websites, TV shows, news broadcasts) often lack accessibility features such as subtitles, sign language, or screen-reader compatibility.

Media and old-aged persons

Representation of Wisdom: Senior citizens are shown as sources of experience, moral strength, and family values.

Awareness of Issues: Media coverage of elder abuse, loneliness, and health care brings attention to their problems.

Promotion of Active Ageing: Campaigns encouraging healthy lifestyles, lifelong learning, and intergenerational bonding.

  Challenges & Issues

Stereotypical Portrayals: Often shown as dependent, frail, or irrelevant to modern life.

Neglect in Media Content: Mainstream media largely focus on youth-oriented issues, ignoring the concerns of the elderly.

Digital Exclusion: Lack of digital literacy and accessible technology creates a “digital divide” for older persons.

 Need for Inclusive and Sensitive Media

Representation with Dignity: Show differently-abled and elderly people as individuals with aspirations, not just as victims.

Accessibility: All content should include subtitles, sign language, and audio descriptions.

Participation: Involve differently-abled and elderly persons in production, writing, and reporting roles.

Policy Advocacy: Media can push for effective implementation of laws like:

Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (2016)

Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act (2007)

 Examples of Inclusive Initiatives

Doordarshan’s Special Programs: Segments focusing on disability rights and senior welfare.

Social Media Campaigns: #WeAreDisabledNotWeak and #ActiveAging have gained traction online.

Films:

Black (2005) – portrayed the struggle and strength of a deaf-blind woman.

Paa (2009) – highlighted old-age health issues with dignity.

Margarita With a Straw (2014) – broke stereotypes about disability and identity.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

Creations of the mind: inventions; literary and artistic works; and symbols, names and images used in commerce.

Categories of IPR

Industrial Property: Patents for inventions, trademarks, industrial designs and geographical indications.

Copyrights: literary works (such as novels, poems and plays), films, music, artistic works (e.g., drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures) and architectural design.

Rights related to copyright include those of performing artists in their performances, producers of phonograms in their recordings, and broadcasters in their radio and television programs.

 What are intellectual property rights?

Intellectual property rights are like any other property right. They allow creators, or owners, of patents, trademarks or copyrighted works to benefit from their own work or investment in a creation.

These rights are outlined in Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which provides for the right to benefit from the protection of moral and material interests resulting from authorship of scientific, literary or artistic productions.

The importance of intellectual property was first recognised in the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1883) and the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1886). Both treaties are administered by the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO).

 Why promote and protect intellectual property? 

There are several compelling reasons. First, the progress and well-being of humanity rest on its capacity to create and invent new works in the areas of technology and culture.

Second, the legal protection of new creations encourages the commitment of additional resources for further innovation.

Third, the promotion and protection of intellectual property spurs economic growth, creates new jobs and industries, and enhances the quality and enjoyment of life.

 How does the average person benefit?

Intellectual property rights reward creativity and human endeavour, which fuel the progress of humankind. Some examples:

The multibillion-dollar film, recording, publishing and software industries-which bring pleasure to millions of people worldwide-would not exist without copyright protection.

Without the rewards provided by the patent system, researchers and inventors would have little incentive to continue producing better and more efficient products for consumers.

Consumers would have no means to confidently buy products or services without reliable, international trademark protection and enforcement mechanisms to discourage counterfeiting and piracy.

Copyright

Copyright laws grant authors, artists and other creators protection for their literary and artistic creations, generally referred to as "works".

A closely associated field is "related rights" or rights related to copyright that encompass rights similar or identical to those of copyright, although sometimes more limited and of shorter duration.

The beneficiaries of related rights are: performers (such as actors and musicians) in their performances; producers of phonograms (for example, compact discs) in their sound recordings; and broadcasting organisations in their radio and television programs.

Works covered by copyright include, but are not limited to: novels, poems, plays, reference works, newspapers, advertisements, computer programs, databases, films, musical compositions, choreography, paintings, drawings, photographs, sculpture, architecture, maps and technical drawings.

 What rights do copyright and related rights provide?

The creators of works protected by copyright, and their heirs and successors (generally referred to as "right holders"), have certain basic rights under copyright law.

They hold the exclusive right to use or authorise others to use the work on agreed terms.

The right holder(s) of a work can authorise or prohibit: its reproduction in all forms, including print form and sound recording; its public performance and communication to the public; its broadcasting; its translation into other languages; and its adaptation, such as from a novel to a screenplay for a film.

Similar rights of, among others, fixation (recording) and reproduction are granted under related rights.

Many types of works protected under the laws of copyright and related rights require mass distribution, communication and financial investment for their successful dissemination (for example, publications, sound recordings and films).

 Hence, creators often transfer these rights to companies better able to develop and market the works, in return for compensation in the form of payments and/or royalties (compensation based on a percentage of revenues generated by the work).

The economic rights relating to copyright are of limited duration -as provided for in the relevant WIPO treaties - beginning with the creation and fixation of the work, and lasting for not less than 50 years after the creator's death.

National laws may establish longer terms of protection. This term of protection enables both creators and their heirs and successors to benefit financially for a reasonable period of time.

Related rights enjoy shorter terms, normally 50 years after the performance, recording or broadcast has taken place.

Copyright and the protection of performers also include moral rights, meaning the right to claim authorship of a work, and the right to oppose changes to the work that could harm the creator's reputation.

Copyright law in India

• The Copyright Act of 1957, The Copyright Rules, 1958 and the International Copyright Order, 1999 govern the copyright protection in India. It came into effect from January 1958.

The Act has been amended in 1983, 1984, 1992, 1994 and 1999. Before the Act of 1957, copyright protection was governed by the Copyright Act of 1914, which was the extension of the British Copyright Act, 1911.

The Copyright Act, 1957 consists of 79 sections under 15 chapters, while the Copyright Rules, 1958 consist of 28 rules under 9 chapters and 2 schedules.

Benefits of copyright and related rights

Copyright and related rights protection an essential components in fostering human creativity and innovation.

Giving authors, artists and creators incentives in the form of recognition and fair economic reward increases their activity and output and can also enhance the results. By ensuring the existence and enforceability of rights, individuals and companies can more easily invest in the creation, development and global dissemination of their works.

This, in turn, helps to increase access to and enhance the enjoyment of culture, knowledge and entertainment the world over, and also stimulates economic and social development.

Copyright and advances in technology

The field of copyright and related rights has expanded enormously during the last several decades with the spectacular progress of technological development that has, in turn, yielded new ways of disseminating creations by such forms of communication as satellite broadcasting, compact discs and DVDs.

Widespread dissemination of works via the Internet raises difficult questions concerning copyright and related rights in this global medium.

WIPO is fully involved in the ongoing international debate to shape new. standards for copyright protection in cyberspace.

In that regard, the Organisation administers the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT), known as the "Internet Treaties".

These treaties clarify international norms aimed at preventing unauthorised access to and use of creative works on the Internet.

IPR: CASE STUDY

Case: Emami Ltd. vs.Arbaaz Khan Productions

 Issue: Copyright and brand misuse over the phrase "Zandu Balm" in the song "Munni Badnaam Hui" (from the film Dabangg).

 On September 17, Emami Ltd. sent a legal notice to Arbaaz Khan Productions for using the phrase "Zandu Balm" in the popular song "Munni Badnaam Hui."

Emami claimed that this usage:

Violated copyright over the registered brand name.

Damaged the reputation of both the company and the product.

Zandu Balm officials stated that the song defamed their brand and misused their intellectual property.

Emami's Legal Demand

Emami demanded that the producers either: Remove the phrase "Zandu Balm" from the song, or

Delete the song from the film entirely.

Emami had acquired Zandu Pharmaceuticals in 2008 for ₹700 crore, and the merged entity was then worth about ₹1,000 crore.

Initial Reactions

Industry insiders (as of September 19) reported that:

The dispute was not expected to go to court.

Both parties were considering an out-of-court settlement.

Emami was exploring the idea of using the song to promote its product.

 Arbaaz Khan responded:

"Now that our film is a big success, such things are bound to happen. Everyone wants a share of the pie."

Final Outcome

Eventually, Emami and Arbaaz Khan Productions resolved the issue amicably.

A barter deal was reached: The filmmakers could continue using "Zandu Balm" in the song.

 In return, Emami gained advertising rights to use the song in its own promotions.

Malaika Arora Khan, who performed in the song, agreed to do a free advertisement for Zandu Balm as part of the settlement

BOOK REVIEW: Thee.Hoon..Rahungi...: Poetry: 2012

Title: थी.हूँ..रहूँगी…

Author: Professor (Dr.) Vartika Nanda

Publisher: Rajkamal Prakashan

Year: 2012

“यह लोग

दिल्ली के नानकपुरा थाने के बाहर अक्सर दिखते हैं

महिला अपराध शाखा के बाहर बैंच पर बैठे

सिलवटों में सिमटी अपनी हथेलियों को देखते

न्याय पाने की मरी उम्मीद अपने फटे दुपट्टे से बांधीं बैठी इन औरतों को 

जिस दिन करीब से देखेंगें

सुन लेंगे

उनसे उनकी आंखों से टपकती किसी तरह रिसती और सिसकती कहानी

आप सो नहीं पाएंगें” 

 -नानकपुरा कुछ नहीं भूलता: Page-11 of Thee. Hoon..Rahungi…

Introduction of the book:

Thee. Hoon.. Rahungi… published by Rajkamal Prakashan in 2012, stands as a monumental work in Indian literature, breaking new ground as the nation’s first collection of poetry centered on the issue of crimes against women. Authored by Vartika Nanda—a crime journalist, academic, and India’s leading prison reformer—the book is a bold and unflinching exploration of a subject often overlooked or deliberately ignored. Thee.Hoon..Rahungi… is dedicated to incarcerated women who have suffered crimes like domestic violence and sexual violence, it blends poetic sensitivity with stark realism, offering a voice to the voiceless while highlighting the resilience of women who endure unimaginable pain. 

Dr. Vartika Nanda approaches the subject of crimes against women with remarkable sensitivity and panache. Her poems, therefore, stand as a compelling blend of pragmatism and insight, offering a profound reflection on the complexities of crime.

A New Perspective on Suffering and Strength : 

What sets Thee. Hoon.. Rahungi… apart is its ability to intertwine pain with hope. These poems do not shy away from depicting the despair, silence, and anguish that women endure in the face of crimes that often go unnoticed, unreported, or deliberately ignored. Yet, they also radiate an unyielding spirit of defiance. These are women who refuse to be silenced. The recurring refrain—“I was, I am, and I will be”—is both a declaration of existence and a challenge to a society that often seeks to erase them.

“सपनों की पंखुड़ियाँ 

किसी के भारी बूटों से कुचलती नहीं 

हंटर से छिलती नहीं

बेरुखी से मिटती नहीं

सपनों का ओज 

उदासी में घुलता नहीं 

टूट कर बिखरता नहीं 

अतीत की रोशनी की याद में”

-सबसे ताकतवर होता है: Page-51 of Thee. Hoon..Rahungi…

Through her words, Dr. Nanda addresses an issue where the media, police, and legal systems often fail. Crimes against women, particularly those that occur inside homes, are frequently buried in silence. Her poetry confronts this collective apathy, presenting a raw yet hopeful portrayal of women who, despite their suffering, continue to harbor the flickering light of resilience and courage.

Dr. Nanda’s professional background is integral to the gravity and depth of this book. As a prominent crime reporter who brought unprecedented focus to the crime beat during her tenure at NDTV, and as a scholar who earned a doctorate on the media’s portrayal of rape cases, and a person who has dedicated her life to prison reforms, she brings unparalleled expertise and empathy to this 

collection. Her poems are not merely literary expressions; they are deeply rooted in the harsh realities of life, reflecting the unspoken struggles of countless women who become victims of violence—often within the supposed safety of their own homes.

Tinka Tinka Foundation at the cause for women empowerment :

The book’s impact is not confined to its pages. The very title, Thee. Hoon.. Rahungi…, has evolved into a powerful symbol of women’s empowerment and a call to action against gender violence. Its influence extends to the walls of women’s prisons across India, where it has been inscribed as a mantra of hope and resilience. This mantra is an inseparable part of Tinka Tinka Jail Radio, Tinka Tinka India Awards and several other initiatives undertaken by Tinka Tinka Foundation. From the  Women’s Jail Number 6 at Tihar(Delhi)—the largest prison complex in South Asia—to District Jail, Karnal (Haryana). District Jail, Agra ( Uttar Pradesh)  and Central Jail, Narsinghpur (Madhya Pradesh), these three words resonate as a testament to women’s indomitable spirit on the walls of prisons. This initiative is part of the broader mission of the Tinka Tinka Prison Reforms, a public charitable trust founded by Professor Nanda. Through her work, she has tirelessly championed the rights and voices of incarcerated women and women who have suffered crime at some point of their lives, bringing attention to their stories, struggles, and aspirations. Her efforts have transformed prisons into spaces of reflection and hope, giving inmates the courage to reclaim their narratives. Thee. Hoon.. Rahungi…, Marjani, Tinka Tinka Tihar, Radio in Prison- all these books written by Dr. Nanda over these years have portrayed the power and essence of silence, generally observed by the victims of crime.

The Podcast Series- Giving Voice to the Voiceless :

The influence of Thee. Hoon.. Rahungi… extends beyond traditional mediums of literature. The accompanying podcast series was released on 17th April 2024, 12 years after the book's creation in jail number 6, Tihar itself by Shri Sanjay Beniwal (IPS), DG, Delhi Prisons. It offers an innovative platform for women inmates to share their untold stories. These recordings provide a deeply personal and often harrowing look into their lives, allowing listeners to empathize with the emotional, social, and psychological dimensions of incarceration. Through these podcasts, Dr. Nanda creates a bridge between the inmates and the outside world, fostering a deeper understanding of their humanity.

Celebrating 10 years of Tinka Tinka Tihar in South Asia's largest Jail Tihar। 2023। Vartika Nanda

Embodiment of courage, hope and resilience- Radhika

Radhika- 13th May, 2024: GB Road, Delhi: An episode that left listeners with glistening eyes is that of Radhika. 

Radhika’s life is a story of pain, survival, and resilience. At 21, while pursuing her B.A. degree and living with her poor family, she was lured by the promise of a job in Delhi. Dreaming of supporting her parents, she kept the opportunity a secret. However, her hope turned into horror when the man who promised her a better future sold her into a brothel and disappeared. Trapped in a world of exploitation, Radhika’s life became a cycle of relentless pain. She gave birth to a son who was mentally weak and physically disabled. His arrival brought no joy; he was seen as an obstacle. To keep him out of the way, she tied him with a rope in one corner while she cried in another. Amidst this suffering, she also had a daughter.

Desperate for freedom, Radhika sought help from Kiran Sethi, a compassionate Delhi police officer at the GB Road police station. Kiran recognized her pain and helped her escape the brothel. A man had ruined her life, but a woman gave her a second chance. Radhika found a job, earning 14-15k a month, but her past continued to haunt her. She lost jobs when employers discovered her history. To avoid stigma, she changed her name three times, and still chooses to be called “Radhika.” for this story. Her parents remain unaware of her ordeal. Despite the scars of her past and the absence of a father for her children, she stands strong. 

Today, her son lives in a hostel, and her daughter stays with her. Radhika works at a cloth retailer, striving for independence. With Kiran’s help, she also learned to drive an e-rickshaw, taking control of her life. Her journey is one of courage and determination, driven by the belief: “A path is found when you choose to walk.”

You may never recognize her on the street, but Radhika continues to live with unbroken spirit, guided by her mantra:

“थी... हूं... रहूंगी...”

A Legacy of Recognition and Change :

The book’s journey is as illustrious as its content. It was launched at prestigious events, including the International Book Fair by literary stalwart Prof. Namwar Singh in 2012. It was also released at the Patna Book Fair in 2012 by the renowned poet and lyricist Javed Akhtar. Over time, it has been presented to key leaders, including the Minister of Women and Child Development and the Minister of State for External Affairs during the World Hindi Conference in Johannesburg (South Africa) in 2012, solidifying its place as a work of national and international significance.

More than just poetry :

2012 was poetry, 2013 saw the formation of Tinka Tinka Tihar, the book that eventually earned its place in the Limca Book of Records for its originality. And later in 2024, Thee.Hoon..Rahungi... was released as a podcast.

The book is a movement, a declaration, and a source of inspiration. It compels society to confront its silence, challenges the systemic failures that perpetuate violence against women, and empowers women to rise above their suffering. Through its profound verses and far-reaching influence, this book reminds us that the power of words can transcend walls, touch hearts, and ignite change. It is a literary and social milestone that will continue to echo in prisons, homes, and hearts for years to come. 

References:

Nanda, V. (2024) Radio in Prison: National Book Trust, India: ISBN 978-93-5743-974-9

Nanda, V. (2015) Raniyan Sab Janti Hain: Publisher: Vani Prakashan: ISBN 978-93-5072-976-2 (selected amongst TOP 5 books by Femina)

Nanda, V. (2012) Thee. Hoon.. Rahungi.... Delhi: Rajkamal Prakashan: ISBN 978-81-267-2232-7. (First collection of poems in the country on the issues of crimes against women) (received Dr Radha Krishnan Memorial Award & Rituraj Parampara Samman)

Nanda, V. (2011) Marjani: Publisher: Rajkamal Prakashan: ISBN 978-81-267-2098-9

Website: www.vartikananda.com

(This book review is written by Chahak, a student of the Department of Journalism at LSR. She is from the batch of 2027)

Ethics in Journalism

 Importance of Journalism

Voice of voiceless: As the fourth estate of democracy and voice of voiceless'. The news media and the institution of journalism plays a crucial role for keeping the citizens informed about powerful instruments of public information, opinion and debates.

Public watchdog: One cannot imagine a vibrant democracy without a vibrant, independent and critical news media which not only disseminates news and views of public importance but also acts as a watchdog that monitors, investigates and critically examines the functioning of key organs and institutions of the State, and evaluates the performances of those in the public office and holds the accountable.

Enhances vibrance of democracy: An independent news media which includes legacy media like newspapers, magazines, television radio and new media like online news portals and digital news platforms, has been integral to democracy's long and tumultuous journey.

Over time, it has evolved with democracy, especially in the late 19 and 20' century. There and vibrant media is treated as a key parameter for the success of a democracy and in fact, is among the crucial factors in measuring its health.

Shaping the public perception: It has an influential role in shaping public perception, setting the agenda for public debate and its widespread impact on the society, politics, economy, culture and governance, news media and journalism enjoys a powerful position in a democratic society.

Thus, Napoleon Bonaparte had once famously said, "Four hostile newspapers are more to be feared than a thousand bayonets."

Features of Responsible Journalism

Transparency and accountability: The credibility and respect doesn't come free or as a gift to the news media but eamed and sustained by adhering to the ethical and moral standards of journalism. News media must also follow the principles and norms of journalism and be transparent and accountable for its reportage, commentary and overall functioning.

Maintaining journalistic ethics: Like other public-facing professions, journalism too has also evolved with a set of ethical principles, standards and norms for fulfilling its social responsibility and serving the citizens better by ensuring the quality of content and highest professional standards in gathering, processing, filtering and dissemination of news and views.

Journalistic ethics are basically a set of principles, standards, guidelines and code of conduct prepared for professional journalists. It deals with conduct, character and behavior of a journalist and how she works before, during and after the news gathering and dissemination process.

Self regulation: Generally, it is expected from the news media outlets and its professional journalists to not only strictly follow these principles and norms but to also self-regulate in alignment with them.

But given the non-mandatory and voluntary nature of journalistic ethics, there are always complaints of violation by journalists and news media outlets.

There is no denying the fact that a section of news media outlets are either willingly or unwillingly deviating from or compromising on journalistic ethics to attract more readers or viewers, for some personal gains and generally, at the altar of commercial interests and to boost their bottom-lines.

Issues with Journalism in India

Erosion of ethics in journalism: In India instances of violation of ethical norms and principles; from indulging in Paid News, spreading Fake News, engaging sensationalism and exaggerating trivial stories, creating misleading headlines, breach of privacy, distortion of facts has increased manifold.

Biased reporting: Openly taking sides and bias in reporting. Besides this, many mainstream news media outlets and their journalists are found to be engaging in one-sided media trials, lobbying for personal gains, blackmailing, manipulating news stories, engaging in malicious and defamatory reporting, running propaganda and disinformation campaigns.

Misuse of freedom of speech and press: There is a growing concern in the country that many Indian news media outlets have shown little respect for journalistic ethics and norms by regularly crossing the limits and becoming habitual offenders.

In fact, the critics of unethical conduct of the news media are demanding stringent regulation in place of ineffective self regulatory mechanism and their voices are growing louder day by day.

It may be noted that like many other liberal democracies, India too recognises the primacy of the Freedom of the Press and allows for self-regulation of news media

Manipulation of TRPs: Recently, various claims have been made about the manipulation of TRPs (Target Rating Points) by some TV channels by rigging the devices used by the Broadcast Audience Research Council (BARC) India.

TRP is the metric used by the marketing and advertising agencies to evaluate viewership. It represents how many people, from which socio-economic categories, watched which channels for how much time during a particular period. This period is one minute as per the international standards.

Reforms Initiated in U.S.A

Pollution of democratic discourse: Earlier due to yellow journalism, newspapers in the USA were riddled with sensational crime stories with exaggerated headlines, pictures and sketches. There was cutthroat competition and a mad rush to attract more readers and maximising the profits for newspapers' owners. But this was also polluting the democratic discourse, distorting the public opinion, impairing the citizens' right and negatively affecting their democratic choices and decisions.

Campaign for reforms: Slowly a concerted campaign started in the US and many other countries in the early 20h century to bring in ethics and principles with a set of guidelines and code of conduct for news media and journalists.

Canons of journalism: In the US, in 1922, the American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE) adopted a set of ethical principles titled "Canons of Journalism', which was later revised and renamed 'Statement of Principles in 1975.

Key principles: The ASNE proposed six key principles; Responsibility, Freedom of the Press, Independence, Truth and Accuracy, Impartiality and Fair Play.

These principles were devised to professionalise the news media and journalism and to set it to ethical standards to monitor and evaluate the journalistic work and its contents.

Hutchins Commission: This Commission was established to review the functioning of the press and the impact of media ownership on its content. The Commission reiterated that while the freedom of press is paramount, it also has a moral obligation to consider the well-being of the general public when making its decisions and choices.

It provided a strong philosophical basis for adopting these ethical norms and standards for improving the quality of news media and journalism. The report echoed Gandhi's concerns of "an uncontrollable pen" while stressing that its "sole aim should be service":

Yellow journalism: It is a style of newspaper reporting that emphasizes sensationalism over facts.

In this the use of lurid features and sensationalized news in newspaper publishing to attract readers and increase circulation.

The phrase was coined in the 1890s to describe the tactics employed in the furious competition between two New York City newspapers, the World and the Journal.

Acts and Agencies

The Press Council of India (PCI): A statutory and quasi-judicial body, was established by an Act of Parliament. It functions as a "watchdog of the press, for the press and by the press".

Its two broad objectives are-safeguarding the freedom of the press and to improve its quality and standards.

It works on the premise of self regulation of print media but has no punitive powers. It can only censure, warn or ask newspapers to issue apologies and corrections. It has also put out a detailed "Norms of Journalistic Conduct" which it expects journalists and newspapers to follow with utmost care and diligence.

News Broadcasting Standard Authority (NBSA): It is a non-governmental body, it oversees the news channels. It has issued a "Code of Ethics and Broadcasting Standards" for its member news channels who had voluntarily pledged to follow it.

Like the PCI, the NBSA too is headed by a retired Supreme Court judge and its other members comprise well-known people belonging to civil society and editors of TV news channels.

It receives complaints of violation of technical norms against member TV news channels and decides after hearing all the sides. Additionally, it has the power of imposing a fine that can go up to Rs. one lakh against an errant channel.

Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995: Apart from the NBSA, the news channels are also regulated by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (I&B) under the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995 which contains a "programme code" and an "advertising code"' to which news channels have to adhere.

Their adherence to this code is, in fact, one of the pre-conditions for obtaining the license for a news channel. The I&B Ministry, on some rare occasions, for violation of "programme code has taken strict action against errant channels while on others has issued advisories to the news channels.

Issues with the Existing Architecture of Regulation

Ineffective in reforming unethical conducts: The real question facing is how effective is the present architecture of news media regulation in India considering the growing instances of violation of ethical principles and norms by the news media and journalists.

Lack of introspection: Apart from jurists, intellectuals and civil society members, many senior journalists and editors themselves are not happy with the present state of journalistic ethics in India.

They are calling for serious introspection from news media outlets and the journalists' community to take steps to minimise the flouting of ethical norms, and to take corrective measures and honest initiatives to improve the quality and standards of the news media in India.

News media outlets have to understand that it's in their own interest to follow ethical norms to sustain public faith in them.

Way Forward

Initiating discussions on reforms: Professional bodies like the Editors Guild of India, NBA and statutory bodies like PCI can take lead and initiate debate and discussion on this issue and propose remedial measures.

Everyone knows the cost of failure would be very high as witnessed in the News of the World scandal in the UK. In India too, a chorus demanding harsher regulation is gaining momentum.

Imposing reasonable restrictions on the media: While demanding punitive power for the Press Council of India, it is articulated that there is no freedom which is absolute. All freedoms are subject to reasonable restrictions, and are also coupled with responsibilities.

In a democracy everyone is accountable to the people, and so is the media. Therefore Indian media must now introspect and develop a sense of responsibility and maturity. One hopes that the Indian news media will remember the advice and warning of Mahatma Gandhi.

Strict adherence to ethical norms: It is also important that the saner voices within the media fraternity will see the warning signs and act fast to restore the credibility of the news media and journalism as a profession by ensuring adherence to ethical norms, try to win citizens' confidence and work to strengthen the social contract with the public.

Report on Guest Lecture by Dr. Archana Kumari: November, 2025

Course: Media Laws and Ethics (Third Semester)

Organised by: Professor (Dr.) Vartika Nanda

A guest lecture was conducted on for the third-year students of the Department of Journalism, LSR, for the Core Paper Media Laws and Ethics. The session was delivered by Dr. Archana Kumari, Associate Professor at Jawaharlal Nehru University. The lecture aimed to provide a deeper understanding of copyright issues. 

Dr. Kumari offered a comprehensive and critical analysis of Intellectual Property Rights, with a strong focus on copyright. She explained the features, scope, and challenges of copyright laws within the Indian media landscape. She also presented a clear and informative PowerPoint presentation, which helped students take organised notes and better understand the key legal frameworks, policies, and the practical functioning of copyright protections in the country. She highlighted how media organisations must navigate ownership, authorship, and ethical usage in a rapidly evolving digital environment.

The lecture was highly insightful and engaging. It helped students revise the interconnectedness of media practices, legal frameworks, and ethical responsibilities. By exploring both copyright concerns and representation issues, the session broadened the students’ perspective on the challenges and obligations in the media industry today.

Written by: Khansa Saleem, Batch of 2026

6 November, 2025: Promotion Part at LSR

30 teachers celebrated their promotions at LSR

महिलाओं की कलम की धार , Lucknow University

विश्व का सबसे अधिक पढ़ा जानेवाला समाचारपत्र , दैनिक जागरण, पिछले दस वर्षों से लखनऊ में संवादी का आयोजन कर रहा है। 7 नवम्बर को लखनऊ विश्वविद्यालय के मालवीय ऑडिटोरियम में आयोजित ‘दैनिक जागरण 'संवादी' कार्यक्रम में डॉ. वर्तिका नंदा, अंकिता जैन और अनन्या अवस्थी ने अपनी गरिमामयी उपस्थिति से सत्र को सार्थक दिशा दी।

कार्यक्रम में साहित्य, अभिव्यक्ति और समाज के बदलते आयामों पर विचारोत्तेजक संवाद हुआ। यह आयोजन हिंदी भाषा, संस्कृति और सृजनशील अभिव्यक्ति के संवर्धन की दिशा में एक महत्वपूर्ण पहल रहा।

Session: महिलाओं की कलम की धार

Venue: Malviya Auditorium, Lucknow University

Panelists: Vartika Nanda, Ananya Awasthi, Ankita Jain

Anchor: Aakriti

Background:   अपनी भाषा हिंदी को समृद्ध करने के दैनिक जागरण के अभियान ‘हिंदी हैं हम’ के अंतर्गत- संवादी- का आयोजन होता है। उत्तर प्रदेश की राजधानी लखनऊ में आयोजित अभिव्यक्ति के इस उत्सव, लखनऊ संवादी, को पिछले वर्षों में काफी सराहना मिली। ये आयोजन साहित्य उत्सवों की भीड़ से बिल्कुल अलग और अपनी तरह का अनूठा आयोजन होता है। इस आयोजन में स्वयं को अभिव्यक्त करनेवाले, चाहे वो किसी भी क्षेत्र से हों, की सहभागिता होती है। सिनेमा, कला, संस्कृति, साहित्य, विज्ञापन, खेल जैसे क्षेत्रों से जुड़े लोग इस आयोजन में भागीदार होते हैं। इस वर्ष दिल्ली संवादी का आयोजन 6 और 7 नवंबर 2025 को लखनऊ विश्वविद्यालय के मालवीय सभागार में आयोजित किया जा रहा है। दो दिनों के इस आयोजन में कई सत्र हैं जिनमें साहित्य, सिनेमा, राजनीति, खेल आदि पर चर्चा होगी। इस आयोजन की कवरेज दैनिक जागरण और नईदुनिया के समस्त संस्करणों में होती है । वक्ताओं के विचार जागरण समूह के करीब 8 करोड़ पाठकों तक पहुंचते हैं। इसके अलावा जागरण के हिंदी हैं हम के यूट्यूब चैनल पर भी इसका सीधा प्रसारण होता है। लखनऊ संवादी के इस संस्करण में 7 नवंबर की सुबह 11 बजे एक सत्र- महिलाओं की कलम की धार- में आपको आमंत्रित कर रहे हैं। 

In Press: 

1. Promo: 1 November: दैनिक जागरण संवादी। तिनका तिनका जेल। Vartika Nanda

2. Reel: 7 November: दैनिक जागरण संवादी। तिनका तिनका जेल। Jail। 7 November, 2025Vartika Nanda.

3. Dainik Jagran Published Story: 8 November

Citizen Journalism: IOJ/ REP

(Disclaimer: These notes are prepared by the students of Journalism at LSR) 

Definitions

The collection, dissemination, and analysis of news and information by the general public, especially by means of the Internet. Alternative and activist form of news gathering and reporting that functions outside mainstream media often as a response to shortcomings in the professional journalistic field that uses similar journalistic practices but is driven by different objectives and ideals and relies on alternative sources of legitimacy then tradition of mainstream journalism. 

Citizen journalism refers to the reporting of news events by members of the public using the Internet to spread the information. 

Citizen journalism can be a simple reporting of facts and news that is largely ignored by large media companies. It is easily spread through personal websites, blogs, micro blogs, social media and so on. Some types of citizen journalism also act as a check on the reporting of larger news outlets by providing alternative analysis.

Jay Rosen offers a simpler definition: "When the people formerly known as the audience employ the press tools they have in their possession to inform one another." The underlying principle of citizen journalism is that ordinary people, not professional journalists, can be the main creators and distributors of news.

Courtney C. Radsch defines citizen journalism "as an alternative and activist form of news gathering and reporting that functions outside mainstream media institutions, often as a response to shortcomings in the professional journalistic field, that uses similar journalistic practices but is driven by different objectives and ideals and relies on alternative sources of legitimacy than traditional or mainstream journalism"

Seungahn Nah and Deborah S. Chung say in their book "Understanding Citizen Journalism as Civic Participation" that citizen journalism is "highly embedded in local communities where community residents engage in day-to-day routines of community storytelling about local politics, public affairs, community events, neighbourhood issues, schools, public transportation, land uses and environments, and much more."

Names synonymous to citizen journalism

Personal publishing

Grassroots media

Networked journalism

Open source journalism

Citizen media

Participatory journalism

Hyper local journalism

Distributed journalism

Stand-alone journalism

Bottom-up journalism

Non media journalism

Guerrilla journalism

Public Journalism

Participatory Journalism

Democratic Journalism

Street Journalism

Collaborative Citizen Journalism (CCJ)

Evolution and Rise of Citizen Journalism 

The beginnings of citizen journalism stretch back to the infancy of the United States. In the eighteenth century, Benjamin Franklin distributed news and views through his own publication, the Pennsylvania Gazette. Thomas Paine freely wrote about liberty and rebellion in his influential pamphlet Common Sense. The anonymously published Federalist Papers analyzed the proposed Constitution, questioning the historic document that would form the basis of the nation's government.

In modern times, ordinary people have captured amateur video of historic events. Witnesses at the scene recorded footage of President John F. Kennedy's assassination in 1963 and the Los Angeles police beating of Rodney King in 1991.

Traditionally, professional journalists and large media outlets collected facts, analyzed news, and distributed that information to the public using resources only they could access. Due to advances in technology, however, mainstream broadcasts and newspapers increasingly ceased functioning as the epicenter of knowledge. With the immediate dissemination of news on the World Wide Web, readers came to know just as much as the press and could spread it just as fast.

In the late 1990s, the internet aided the transformation of news taking place. In 1999, San Jose Mercury News columnist Dan Gillmor wrote the first blog for a traditional media outlet. Gillmor went on to author the definitive book on the topic, We the Media: Grassroots Journalism by the People, for the People, in 2004. He also founded and began overseeing the Center for Citizen Media.

Citizen journalism received a major boost on the world stage in 2000. That year, South Korean progressive journalist Oh Yeon-ho started a free online newspaper, OhmyNews, after perceiving an imbalance in the nation's traditional media and the stories they chose to cover. The newspaper relied on ordinary readers to generate digital content. The phrase "citizen journalism" caught on after Oh said, "Every citizen is a reporter." With fifty thousand contributors at its disposal, OhmyNews grew into one of South Korea's leading news outlets.

Citizen journalism can be considered as the offspring of this evolution - an alternative form of news gathering and reporting, taking place outside of the traditional media structures and which can involve anyone. We live in the age of image consumption and data absorption. Everyday, a fresh wave of information reaches our computers and phone screens, but not only are we the recipients of this constant flow, we are now the creators. The liberalisation of information allows anyone to share and spread their personal experience of an event, in real time. This new form of reporting takes place ahead of or outside traditional media structures and can function as a firewall - holding media accountable for any inaccuracies or lack of news coverage.

Participatory reporting allows storytelling. Personal experiences of an event reinforce their impact, with each testimony offering a new dimension. We can also argue that it resituates the individual within history and the way it is constructed. We have a tendency to think of history as a natural course of events that we automatically hold in our collective memory as ‘fact’ - but it is very much an artefact. History is about selecting and defining events, much like journalism does. 

By engaging in the process of creating information, disseminating and consuming it, we could also argue that the era of information has promoted citizens to not only reporters but also as neophyte historians - making a moment matter.

Types of Citizen Journalism

Types of citizen journalism include institutionalized (working with professional news organizations) and non-institutionalized (operating independently). Other categories are based on the medium, such as print (articles, blogs), broadcast (video, audio), and photojournalism, as well as the role it plays, like participatory or collaborative. 

Based on structure:

Institutionalized (Semi-independent): Citizens contribute to established media outlets.

Examples: Posting comments on news articles, contributing photos or videos to a newsroom.

Non-institutionalized (Fully independent): Individuals or groups operate on their own using platforms like social media, blogs, and websites. 

Based on medium:

Print: Includes written content like blogs, articles posted on social media, and online forums. 

Broadcast: Involves audio and video content, such as podcasts or videos shared on platforms like YouTube. 

Photojournalism: Focuses on using photographs to tell a story or document events. 

Internet Journalism: A broad category that encompasses many online forms of citizen reporting. 

Based on role or function:

Participatory Journalism: Citizens actively participate in the news process. 

Collaborative Journalism: Multiple individuals work together, sometimes with professional journalists, to create content. 

User-Generated Content: A general term for content created by the public rather than professionals. 

Public Journalism: A style of journalism that focuses on the community's role in shaping the news agenda.

Advantages of Citizen Journalism 

Citizen journalism offers several notable advantages, primarily stemming from its ability to democratize the news process and leverage the power of everyday people:

Diverse Perspectives and Broader Coverage: Citizen journalists, being ordinary members of the public, can cover events and issues that traditional media might overlook or deem less newsworthy. This can broaden the range of topics reported and provide local, on-the-ground perspectives often missing in mainstream news.

Speed and Immediacy: Equipped with smartphones and social media, citizens can often be the first to report from the scene of a breaking event (e.g., accidents, natural disasters, protests), providing instant updates and real-time information.

Accessibility and Reach: Citizen journalism, particularly through the internet and social media, allows content to reach a vast and diverse audience quickly and often for free.

Filling Information Gaps in Restrictive Environments: In regions where the press is heavily controlled or censored, citizen journalists can serve as crucial sources of independent information, documenting events the official media might ignore or distort.

Audience Engagement and Participation: It transforms news consumers from passive spectators into active participants, fostering a greater sense of community involvement and accountability.

Free Content (in some cases): Citizen contributions can provide a large volume of content without the direct operational costs associated with maintaining a large, professional reporting staff.

Impact of Citizen Journalism on Mainstream Media

It has the ability to provide alternative perspectives and challenge mainstream narratives. Traditional news outlets have long been criticized for bias and limited coverage, often leaving out important stories or perspectives. Citizen journalists, on the other hand, have the freedom to report on issues that are often overlooked by mainstream media.

They can shine a light on underreported stories, amplify marginalized voices, and bring attention to social injustices that may otherwise go unnoticed. By diversifying the range of voices in journalism, citizen journalism has the potential to create a more inclusive and democratic media landscape. Ihas revolutionized the speed at which news is disseminated. In the past, breaking news stories would take hours, if not days, to reach the public through traditional news channels. With citizen journalism, news spreads rapidly through social media platforms, often reaching millions of people within minutes. This real-time reporting has proven to be invaluable in situations such as natural disasters or political unrest, where timely information can save lives and shape public opinion.

Citizen journalism has also increased the level of audience engagement with news stories. Social media platforms have become virtual town squares, where people gather to discuss and share information. Citizen journalists often foster conversations around their content, enabling a more interactive and participatory approach to news consumption.

Citizen journalism has fundamentally reshaped the landscape of mainstream media by challenging its monopoly on newsgathering, forcing rapid acceleration in the speed of reporting, and diversifying the source material available. It primarily impacts professional news organizations in three ways: source material, speed, and democratization. First, citizen journalists, armed with smartphones, now serve as ubiquitous eyewitnesses and the first point of contact for breaking news—especially during crises, protests, or local events that professional reporters cannot immediately reach. Mainstream media (MSM) outlets are compelled to integrate user-generated content (UGC) like photos and videos into their coverage, effectively outsourcing the initial field reporting, though they must dedicate significant resources to its verification and fact-checking due to inherent credibility concerns. Second, the constant, instant flow of information on social media has drastically increased the pace of the 24/7 news cycle, pressuring MSM to abandon their traditional, deliberate publishing schedules in favour of real-time updates and breaking news alerts to remain competitive. Finally, citizen journalism acts as a critical watchdog by providing alternative narratives, highlighting stories overlooked by large media conglomerates, and giving a voice to marginalized communities, thereby challenging the perceived biases and narratives of the established press and forcing a broader, more inclusive representation of public discourse.

However, the rise of citizen journalism is not without its challenges. One of the main concerns is the issue of credibility and accuracy. Unlike professional journalists who are trained in fact-checking and verification, citizen journalists may lack the necessary skills and resources to ensure the accuracy of their content. This can lead to the spread of misinformation and fake news, which can have serious consequences on public perception and trust in the media.

Examples of Citizen Journalism 

Assassination of John F. Kennedy:

The assassination of John F. Kennedy (JFK) on November 22, 1963, provides an early, pivotal look at citizen journalism. While not termed as such at the time, amateur footage, most famously the Zapruder film, captured by an eyewitness, became the most crucial and controversial visual evidence.  This private film, shot on a home-movie camera, documented the sequence of events with a detail news networks and government investigators initially lacked. Its subsequent broadcast, public scrutiny, and lasting debate over its contents exemplify how ordinary citizens, by recording history, can fundamentally shape the public's understanding and perception of a monumental, tragic event, foreshadowing modern citizen reportage.

Indian Ocean Earthquake:

The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami became a landmark event for citizen journalism. With traditional media slow to arrive, eyewitnesses—many of them Western tourists—used digital cameras, blogs, and early online platforms to share harrowing, unedited photos, videos, and first-person accounts.

This "amateur content" provided crucial, immediate coverage, often predating professional reports. The influx of raw, user-generated material dramatically highlighted citizen journalists' capacity to document major global events, prompting a significant and lasting shift in how professional news organizations integrated audience contributions into their breaking news coverage.

Arab Spring:

Citizen journalism was pivotal in the Arab Spring, using readily available tools like cameraphones and social media (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube) to bypass state-controlled media and censorship. Citizens on the ground became instant reporters, providing the world with real-time, unfiltered footage and narratives of protests, government crackdowns, and breaking news. This citizen-led documentation was crucial for mobilizing support, organizing demonstrations, and informing international media, fundamentally changing the flow of information during the uprisings.

Black lives Matter:

The Black Lives Matter movement has been profoundly shaped by citizen journalism. Individuals using smartphones and social media became crucial reporters, documenting instances of police brutality and racial injustice, such as the killing of George Floyd. This grassroots documentation bypassed traditional media gatekeepers, offering raw, real-time perspectives that galvanized public outrage and mobilization globally. Citizen journalists provided an essential counter-narrative, holding power accountable and ensuring marginalized voices and events were seen and heard. Their footage and posts were vital in informing and driving the movement's visibility and impact.

Challenges in Citizen Journalism

The core challenges of citizen journalism are centered on credibility, ethics, and sustainability:

Credibility and Accuracy Issues–

Lack of Fact-Checking: Citizen content often lacks the editorial oversight and formal verification processes of professional newsrooms, leading to the rapid spread of misinformation, rumors, and fake news.

Bias and Subjectivity: Citizen journalists may have personal agendas, resulting in highly biased or opinionated reporting that lacks the professional standard of objectivity.

Shallow Reporting: They often lack the resources or expertise for in-depth context and analysis of complex issues.

Ethical and Legal Risks—

Privacy and Harm: Due to a lack of training on media law, citizen journalists may violate privacy rights, inadvertently cause harm, or publish sensitive details about victims or minors.

Lack of Accountability: Many operate anonymously or without institutional backing, making it difficult for the public to hold them accountable for errors or ethical breaches.

Safety and Resource Constraints—

Personal Safety: They lack the institutional protection and safety training of professional reporters, making them highly vulnerable to threats and physical harm, especially in dangerous situations.

Resource Limits: Citizen journalism is often voluntary, limiting the financial resources and time needed for sustained, investigative coverage.

Criticism of Citizen Journalism 

The major criticisms of citizen journalism boil down to a fundamental clash with professional standards:

Lack of Credibility & Accuracy–

No Vetting: Absence of fact-checking and editorial oversight means unverified rumors and misinformation can spread rapidly.

Bias: Reports are often highly subjective, partisan, or activist-driven, sacrificing the goal of objectivity for a specific viewpoint.

Ethical and Legal Risks–

Unregulated Ethics: Citizen reporters often lack training in journalistic ethics, leading to violations of privacy and an increased risk of causing harm (e.g., exposing victims or minors).

Accountability Gap: It is difficult to hold anonymous or unaffiliated citizen journalists responsible for errors, libel, or copyright infringement.

Amateur Quality—

Low Quality: Content is frequently criticized as being amateur and haphazard in its presentation, research, and technical execution.

Lack of Depth: Reporters often focus only on the immediate eyewitness account, failing to provide necessary context or in-depth analysis.

Future of Citizen Journalism

Citizen journalism is reshaping how we consume news. It provides immediate, diverse, and personalized accounts of events, allowing anyone with a smartphone to become a reporter. While this shift brings both opportunities and challenges, there is no denying that citizen journalism is a crucial element of the modern media landscape, pushing both news consumers and producers to reconsider how information is communicated, consumed, and trusted in the digital age. 

Looking ahead, citizen journalism will continue to be an influential force in news consumption. As technology advances, more people will gain access to the tools needed to cover and report on news. Social media and decentralized publishing platforms will only grow more powerful, enabling ordinary citizens to play an even greater role in the media landscape.

However, for citizen journalism to thrive and remain effective, it will need to collaborate with professional journalists and mainstream media. A symbiotic relationship must be struck—combining the speed, diversity, and grassroots nature of citizen journalism with the editorial standards, training, and fact-checking capabilities of traditional media.

The future of citizen journalism points toward a paradoxical but necessary hybrid model of news, driven by rapid technological advancements and a perpetual struggle against misinformation. Citizen journalists will remain crucial as the first-hand, real-time reporters of breaking news and hyper-local events, providing immediacy and diverse perspectives that professional newsrooms cannot match. However, the biggest shift will be the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), which presents both a powerful tool and an existential threat. AI can be leveraged to assist citizen journalists by automating transcription, summarizing data, and crowdsourcing information, making grassroots reporting more efficient. Conversely, the proliferation of sophisticated deepfakes and generative AI poses a massive verification challenge, forcing a greater reliance on professional journalists to act as trusted, expert fact-checkers and ultimate gatekeepers for user-generated content. Therefore, the future will likely see a collaboration: citizen journalists will continue to democratize the act of reporting, while professional media institutions will focus on verification, context, and in-depth analysis to maintain public trust in an increasingly noisy, fragmented, and synthetic information environment.

Vigilance Awareness Week at LSR

28 October, 2025: On the occasion of the Vigilance Awareness Week, Indian Oil and The Hindu collaborated and organised a painting competition for the students of LSR. The event was well attended. Special kudos to the faculty members of Department of Journalism for their efforts. It was satisfying to see students experimenting with colours.