Journalism, Jails & Tinka Model of Prison Reforms: Vartika Nanda
Tinka Tinka started its formal journey in 2013. From Tihar Prisons to Dasna, Madhya Pradesh and then several jails across the country, Tinka has become my prayer. तिनका रोज बहुत कुछ देखता है, सोखता है। अपनी चुप्पी के बीच हौले कदमों से चल रहा है- तिनका तिनका। Thank you HT City for giving this space, attention and honour. #vartikananda #tinkatinka #prison #jail
Delievred lecture on Status of Children of Women Prisoners: Issues and Concerns, orgnaised by NICFS from 14-16 December, 2020
Tinka Tinka India
Awards- 2020: Honours Jails on Human Rights Day
~17 detainees and prison officers selected this year~
· 17
inmates and jail staffers awarded
· Uttar
Pradesh received the highest number of awards
· Amitabh
Bachchan awarded for Jail Sanitization; one award given post
posthumously.
· Theme
for this year was Corona in Jail.
· Awards
were released by Shri K. Selvaraj (IPS) DG, Haryana Prisons, Shri Ajay
Kashyap (IPS) Former DG, Tihar Prisons, Shri Anand Kumar DGP and IG Prisons, UP
· Jury included, Shri Ajay Kashyap (IPS), Shri OP Singh (IPS) and Dr. Vartika Nanda (Founder, Tinka Tinka)
On the eve of Human Rights Day, Tinka Tinka Awards India 2020 has been announced. This is the 6th year of celebration of exclusive awards for inmates and staff. This is the first time that inmates joined live and shared their thoughts in the presence of senior jail officials.
There were 3 categories this year, namely Painting, Special Mention and Prison Administration. 7 inmates have received awards in the Painting category while 6 were chosen for their special contribution to prison life. 4 awards have been given too prison staff which includes one given posthumously.
Exclusive prison radio dedicated to prison
reforms
Inmates lodged in Central Jail, Bhopal, Model Jail, Chandigarh and Central
Jail, Jaipur have one thing in common. They all have contributed in helping the
outside world during Covid-19 by making masks and sanitizers. Such ongoing
efforts have largely gone unnoticed. With nearly 1400 jails in India, several
inmates have done extraordinary work in bringing difference to the jail-life
but these are hardly discussed in a public forum. To bring into light such
significant contribution of inmates, a podcast exclusively for the incarcerated
has been launched. Tinka Tinka Jail News would focus on untold stories of
prisons. Created by Vartika Nanda, prison reformer and founder of Tinka Tinka,
this series aims to document prison life through audio narratives. It will
focus on the special contributions of inmates during Covid-19 for the next few
episodes and encourage them to send their nominations for Tinka Tinka India
Awards. These national awards are given annually on the occasion of
International Human Rights Day to celebrate creativity in jails.
This podcast is released by Shri Dnyaneshwar Mulay, IFS (Retd) Member, National
Human Rights Commission and former Secretary, Government of India, Releasing
the podcast, Shri Mulay said, “ This is an absolutely novel idea which would
certainly address the communication needs of inmates. The concept of involving
women inmates in this endeavour is welcoming. One can hope that Tinka Tinka
will help in the reformation process in jails.”
The podcast will be sent to the stake holders on a regular basis to initiate
the process of change and include valuable suggestions for the improvement of
the living conditions of inmates in general and their communication needs in
particular.
Background: Tinka Tinka is an initiative by Dr. Vartika Nanda, a prison reformer, to bring change in the lives of the inmates. Her three books, Tinka Tinka Tihar, Tinka Tinka Dasna and Tinka Tinka Madhya Pradesh depict life in prisons through unique expressions. Her website on prisons, www.tinkatinka.org was released by Shri Kiren Rijiju, MOS, Home while her song, Tinka Tinka Tihar, was released by Lok Sabha Speaker Smt. Sumitra Mahajan. Tinka Tinka is her movement on prison reforms.
There are
different ways of organization and presentation as far as print media is
concerned. The specific organization adopted by a newspaper reflects the personality of the publication. Readers also
become accustomed to the organization, and a make-over is rarely done for this
reason. It can also be noted that the online versions of these newspapers do
not have the breadth and scope of the paper versions.
News stories, features, graphics
are certainly being given in TV style of presentation. For example, they give
brief story on front page and detail on inner pages. The design of the page is
done in such a manner so the advertisement and news text blend with each other.
This is given just to make audience view the advertising and to avoid their
negligence towards advertising materials. The number and space of advertisement
has certainly increased. Nature of competition among newspapers can also be a
reason for the new trend in presentation. This is evident from the practice
where every newspaper claims to give the most exclusive news. There are several
occasions in which newspapers like to bring up their achievements in terms of
old reportage that acted as a catalyst for administrative action in the past.
These stories are distinguished by others by use of special logo and symbolic
graphics.
Strong readership is a key aspect
of print media industry. A high proportion of this readership can be achieved
by laying focus on the best coverage of regional and local issues. In most
newspapers, city and regional news sections come right after the front page,
explaining how important they are for both the newspaper industry and the
readers wishing to read about issues most immediate to them first. Unlike
sections containing national news which are heavily dependent on news agencies
and outsourcing of information, news in regional/local sections is reliant
entirely on local reporters, requiring an efficient regional bureau as the
backbone of a newspaper house. Newspapers
are covering local issues much more than before. Earlier the local coverage was
given in two or three pages. Now news of other districts is in a very small
quantity. This trend is seen in all newspapers ranging from Dainik Jagran,
Hindustan, Amar Ujala, and Rashtriya Sahara newspapers, all of which are giving
eight to nine pages to local or city news. Some critics comment that this trend
deprives people from laying equal emphasis to news of national and/or global
importance, but this can be balanced by a substantial coverage of the latter
categories in tandem with the subject matter raised in local and regional news
sections.
Crime and accident stories are
given high priority. The Economic page covers mainly investment, loan,
insurance, purchase. Coverage of commonplace issues with a general tonality to
suit all regions of the country has also been accepted as a mode to gain wider
traction.
Cultural reporting has acquired a
very prominent place in newspapers. All newspapers are not only giving text
material but also supplementing it with visual representation. In fact,
photojournalism has become a common feature for the best coverage of cultural
issues. As new cultures emerge and as citizens become active participants in
the media industry, cultural activities and events have become one very
important area of reporting. The content, headlines, photographs, articles,
features, all have an orientation towards increasing consumerism, modern social
values, and culture.
Newspapers are now giving
information about all those activities which are closely associated with daily lives
of common people and society, for example, the information about transport,
market, various commodities. Similarly, people's problems associated with
water, electricity, transport are being highlighted. It is really a very
positive approach of the newspapers. They are fulfilling the need of
information of various sections of people. Print Media has started to give
maximum coverage to those subjects which are useful in one or other way to
daily lives of common people.
The follows-up of various events
have further increased. A newspaper tries its best to give a meaningful
coverage of an event. The follow up of news is given more in Crime and Political
subjects. The news series are more prevalent in those events which are of
public importance. Many a times, newspapers even tend to launch campaigns
around particular areas of interest.
Newspapers are giving active
support to various academic activities which are related to youth and
unemployed people. This benefits a newspaper doubly- it clears passage for the
newspaper to gain positive publicity, and it also enables it to connect to the
crucial sections of the population directly and widen its base. There are many
occasions when the newspapers take the opinion of youth on important issues. Oftentimes,
youth fair, discussion and other programmes, beyond newspaper columns is also
organised by the publishing house.
Another area is the history and
background of news events, which has become almost a vital element in
presentation of the most comprehensive and holistic news information to people,
helped by the vast availability of academic material in this regard. Special
contexts such as a chronological analysis of an event is presented on specific
occasions, including essential court judgements. This kind of information was
presented in early newspapers; however, it has considerably increased in
frequency in recent times. Infographics for events of wide public interest,
such as in the outbreak of major diseases, is also essentially presented for
the benefit of a large section of readers.
Another emergent trend has been
that newspapers have come to depict themselves as educators, motivators and
advisers, something which is unique to the present generation of print media.
For instance, political coverage often includes the hows and whys of voting,
technological coverage tends to employ a tone of guidance about the market,
while educational news may include specific columns with experts resolving
general public queries on request.
Despite these, there are some
areas which are least covered by newspapers. They include information about
government programmes, and development issues. Newspapers hardly cover such
subjects, as per latest trends, since it is believed they do not get as much
acquired readership as other areas of interest and remain limited to a very
small section of affected people. However, this negative trend is seen to be
neutralised as newspapers are starting to realise the essentiality of citizen
journalism, and some noticeable space is being granted to areas pertinent to
people.
- Dr. Arvind Kumar Singh, Present Trends of Newspaper in India (A Qualitative Study.
- Soong, Roland, Newspaper Sectional Reading, http://www.zonalatina.com/Zldata29.htm
- The report of FICCI 2011, http://www.ficci.com/PressRelease/755/press-21mar-entertainment.pdf
- Identifying trends for the future of newspapers, http://www.wan-press.org/article16028.html
- Newspapers economics Online and offline 2010 by Hal Varian http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/coma/images/issues/201006/hal_varian_presentation.pdf 8
- Parts of a Newspaper, https://philnews.ph/2019/07/16/parts-of-newspaper/
- Pew Research on Demanded News Issues https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2018/01/11/publics-around-the-world-follow-national-and-local-news-more-closely-than-international/
प्रिंस से रिया तक मीडिया से एक तिनका उम्मीद
डॉ. वर्तिका नन्दा
1994 से लेकर अब
तक अपराध पत्रकारिता से ताल्लुक रहा। 1994 में जब जी टीवी की शुरुआत हुई, यही वह समय था जब सुशील शर्मा का तंदूर कांड हुआ। सुशील शर्मा कई दिनों तक फरार रहा। आखिरकार वह
पुलिस की गिरफ्त में आया और तिहाड़ में आजीवन कारावास पर रहने के बाद हाल में रिहा
हुआ। अपराध की रिपोर्टिंग के असर की यह पहली मिसाल थी जिसकी मैं साक्षी बनी। जे 27
साउथ एक्स पार्ट 1, नई दिल्ली के रिहाइशी इलाके में बने फ्लैटनुमा दफ्तर में इस
खबर के पहले प्रसारण के बाद सुशील शर्मा के पकड़े जाने तक दफ्तर में फोन की कई
घंटियां बजीं। दर्शक चाहते थे कि अपनी पत्नी नैना को गोली मार कर टुकड़ों में काट
कर तंदूर में डाल कर जला देने वाले सुशील को कड़ी सजा जरूर मिले। मिली भी।
बाद में एनडीटीवी
के क्राइम बीट की प्रमुख के तौर पर अपराध के अलग- अलग रंगों को करीब
से देखा। फिर उसके बाद तिनका तिनका की शुरुआत हुई जिसके जरिए जेल की जिंदगी से अपराध को समझने की
कोशिश की। इस लिहाज से अपराध की कई परतों
को पत्रकार और अकादमिक के तौर पर नजदीकी से देखा और महसूस किया। पुलिस की तफ्तीश
और जेल सुधार के तौर पर जेल के अंदर किस तरह से अपराधी या फिर आरोपी एक दूसरी यात्रा तरह
करते हैं, उसे देखा।
इस बीच टीवी रिपोर्टिंग
को भी गौर से समझने की कोशिश की। हाल में रिया और कंगना की रिपोर्टिंग ने इस बात पर ध्यान
दिलाया कि शायद अब इस मुद्दे पर लिखना ज़रूरी है और इसलिए यह आलेख।
बात टीवी की उस खबर
से शुरू करनी चाहिए जहां एक टेलीविजन चैनल ब्रेकिंग न्यूज की पट्टी के साथ यह बताता है कि रिया जेल में
आने के बाद 11 बजे तक चहलकदमी करती रही और 2:30 बजे तक बिस्तर पर बैठी रही। उसे दाल,
रोटी और एक सब्जी दी गई। सुबह उसने मुंह धोया और फिर वो अपने बिस्तर पर बैठ गई। टीवी
चैनलों ने यह भी बताया कि रिया के बैरक में पंखा नहीं है, एक चटाई है, सराहना नहीं है वगैरह तो लगा
जैसे यह सब किसी
जेल में पहली बार होने
जा रहा हो। जिन्होंने जेल को कभी नहीं देखा, उनके
लिए यह बात एक
खबर हो सकती है और इसलिए भी कि ऐसी बताई बातों की पुष्टि करने वाला कभी कोई नहीं होता।
अपराध पत्रकारिता
की रिपोर्टिंग में इसे पत्रकारिता तो नहीं कहा जा सकता है। रिया के मामले से पहले भी और अब भी दर्शकों को अक्सर जो
परोसा जाता है, वह रिपोर्टिंग कम और मनोहर कहानियों का टीवी संस्करण ज्यादा दिखता
है। यह कहानी भी उसी की एक कड़ी है।
एक ज़रूरी बात यह
है कि जेल की कहानियां बताते समय कल्पनाओं का सहारा लेना भारतीय
टीवी पत्रकारों की एक पुरानी आदत रही है। वे इस बात से अच्छी तरह वाकिफ हैं कि जेलें आमतौर
पर सामने आकर न तो ऐसी बेतुकी
कहानियों पर कोई हामी भरेंगी और न ही इनकार
करेंगी क्योंकि जेलों
को इस बात से कोई फर्क नहीं पड़ता कि पत्रकार जेल के बाहर क्या कह रहा है। जेल अधिकारी बखूबी जानते हैं कि जिन पत्रकारों
ने जेल को कभी देखा तक नहीं, उनके पास कल्पना ही इकलौता सहारा है औऱ दर्शकों के पास अधकचरी खबर देने वाले पत्रकारों का
सहारा। दूसरी बात यह भी है कि कुछ बातें स्वाभाविक हैं जिन्हें लिखने या बोलने का कोई औचित्य है ही नहीं। जो जेल में गया है, उसे स्वाभाविक तौर पर शुरुआती दिनों में नींद
नहीं आएगी, वह खाना नहीं खाएगा
और बेचैन रहेगा। इसमें ब्रेकिंग न्यूज जैसी कोई बात है ही नहीं।
इसलिए रिया का भी
जेल में रात में चहलकदमी करना या 2:30 बजे तक बैठे रहना कोई बड़ी बात नहीं
है। इसका खंडन करने कोई सामने आएगा नहीं और इसलिए इस तरह की खबर को
बार-बार बताते
रहने से टीवी चैनल का फायदा यह होता है कि वो उत्सुक जनता को कुछ ऐसा सौंपने में कामयाब
होता है जो उसके
लिए रोचक या दिलचस्प हो सकता है, यह समझे बिना कि टीवी न्यूज मनोरंजन की श्रेणी में जरूर आने लगा है लेकिन
जेलें मनोरंजन का सामान कतई नहीं हैं। जेल एक गंभीर जगह है और उसकी अपनी अंतहीन
पेचीदगियां हैं। उन पर हंसा नहीं जा सकता।
अपराध रिपोर्टिंग की अपनी एक प़ृष्ठभूमि के बाद यह बात कह सकती हूं
कि अपराध
की रिपोर्टिंग के जिस नये
चेहरे को
अब देख रही हूं, उसे अपराध पत्रकारिता मानना असान नही लगता। दूसरी छवि उस पोस्टमैन की है जो कंगना
के घर पर डाक लेकर आया था । वो बार-बार जोर देकर यह कह रहा
था कि वह महज़
एक पोस्टमैन है। उसका इस दफ्तर को तोड़ने से कोई ताल्लुक नहीं है ,लेकिन पत्रकार अपने
रटे-रटाये
सवाल को पूछ- पूछ कर शोर मचाते रहे और उस शोर के ज़रिए पत्रकारिता की छवियों का मज़ाक
उठाते रहे।
अंदाजे की यह पत्रकारिता
को ऐसे मौके किसी अवसर से कम नहीं लगते। अब सवाल यह उठता
है कि क्या पत्रकारिता
की यह स्थिति
अचानक आई है। ऐसा नहीं
है। प्रिंस के गढ़्ढे में गिरने से लेकर 2007 में स्कूल टीचर उमा खुराना पर हुए
गलत स्टिंग तक मीडिया ने कई बार अपनी ताकत का नाजायज फायदा उठाया है और फिर न तो
पलट कर देखा और न ही कभी माफी मांगी। बाद में भी कई प्रिंस गढ्ढे में गिरते रहे और
उमा खुराना अपने पर हुए उस मानसिक और शारीरिक हमले से आज भी उबर नहीं पाई हैं।
मीडिया ने इस बात की परवाह नहीं की कि एक गलत खबर कैसे किसी परिवार की आने वाले कई
नस्लों को तबाह कर सकती है। परवाह टीआरपी की हुई और उसके जरिए बरसने वाले रुपए की।
लेकिन ज्यादातर लोग कसमें खाते हैं कि वे इन चैनलोकं को देखते ही नहीं। और अगर
इस पत्रकारिता को लोग नकारते है तो फिर इन चैनलों को देखता कोंन है। जाहिर है कि या तो इन्हें देखने वाले झूठ कहते
हैं या फिर
टीआरपी जारी करने वाले या शायद यह कि झूठ बराबरी का है और
सच कहीं बीच में सर पर हाथ
रखे खड़ा हुआ है।
सुशांत मामले का सच जब सामने आएगा, तब आएगा लेकिन यह बात तो है कि अब तक परोसी
गई सभी थियोरीज तो सच साबित होंगी नहीं। कुछ अधूरा और कुछ गलत भी साबित होगा। तब
रिया और कंगना- दोनों में से ही जिसके साथ भी सच होगा, दूसरे की इज्जत के साथ जो
खिलवाड़ हुआ, उसका खामियाजा कौन भरेगा। जल्दबाजी में की जाने वाली खऱगोशी अपराध
रिपोर्टिंग का सबसे कड़वा सच यही है कि न्यूज रूम की अवैध अदालतें खुद ही जज बनती
हैं लेकिन जब उनके फैसले गलत साबित होते हैं तो न तो उन्हें कोई सजा होती है, न
कोई धारा लगती है। इस पूरे तमाशे में ताली पीटती जनता और आंखे मूंदे बैठी एनबीए की
स्थिति देखकर यह समझना मुश्किल लगता है कि मीडिया के पाठ्यक्रम में अब किस
पत्रकारिता को पढ़ाया जाए-वह जो बिकती है या वह जो टिकती है। पढ़ने वाले बिकने
वाली पत्रकारिता पढ़ने को आतुर होने लगे है और इंडस्ट्री भी वैसा ही अधपका पैकेज
पाने को। मीडिया की पढ़ाई और न्यूजरूम के इस फासले के बीच पत्रकारिता की एक धुंधली
रेखा कहीं मौजूद है। बस, उसे ढूंढना टेढ़ी खीर है।
( डॉ. वर्तिका नन्दा मीडिया विश्लेषक और जेल सुधारक हैं। देश की जेलों पर
तिनका तिनका की संस्थापक। उन्हें देश के राष्ट्रपति से स्त्री शक्ति सम्मान मिला
है। )
(19 सितंबर को
राष्ट्रीय सहारा के हस्तक्षेप में प्रकाशित )
email:
tinkatinkaorg@gmail.com
Radio is an equipment/gadget which uses the technology of signalling and
communicating through radio waves. The
prime purpose of the radio is to convey information from one place to another
through the intervening media (like
air, space) without
wires. It is one of the best communication
tools that can deliver fresh music and up-to-date news. It
might also be argued to be the one medium that benefits everyone as one does
not have to be literate to engage with it. Similarly,
Radio can add value to many if the right sources are used for information,
education and entertainment.
1. Radio makes pictures
Radio is a sightless or a viewless medium. In radio, either the performer or listener cannot see each other. Therefore, it is called blind medium. Since it is a blind or sightless medium, the performer as well as listener has to creatively imagine each other. So that as soon as voice comes out of the loudspeaker, the listener attempts to visualize what he hears and to create in the mind’s eye the owner of the voice.
Unlike TV, where the pictures are limited by the size of the screen, radio’s picture can be of any size. The artistically integrated creation supported by appropriate sound effect and right music virtually brought any situation to listeners.
For instance, Remember the example of the running commentary on radio of the Repubic Day Parade in Delhi? As you heard the commentary, you could visualize or ‘see’ in your mind what was being described. You could actively ‘see’ pictures in your mind of the parade even as you listened to the sounds of bands playing patriotic tunes or the sounds of marching and commands. You use your power of imagination as you follow the running commentary.
Radio is the fastest medium. It can report the event almost instantly, as they are happening. So it is the medium of the “here and now”. As things happen in a studio or outside, messages can be sent or broadcast. These messages can be picked up by anyone who has a radio set or receiver which is tuned into a radio station. If you have a television set and cable or satellite connection you may be using a remote to get your favourite channel. These days if you have a satellite connection, you can also receive radio signals of various AIR stations. Otherwise your normal radio set gives the meter or frequency on which various radio stations operate. You are tuned into that station and listen to news that happened a few minutes earlier. On the other hand, a newspaper gives you the previous days’ news. Of course television can also cover events instantly. But television is a more complex medium where it is more difficult to take the camera immediately to events as they are happening. But the radio is enormously flexible medium and is often at its best in the totally immediate live situation.
Compared to all
other media, radio is simple to use. As mentioned in
the previous sections, radio needs very simple technology and equipment.
For program production, radio is much cheaper and simpler medium. Its basic unit comprises just one person with tape recorder. For the broadcaster radio’s comparative simplicity means a flexibility in its scheduling. Programs can be shifted, dropped even at a short notice.
As it is simple,
it is also a cheaper medium. The cost of
production is low and a small radio can be bought for as low a price as say
fifty rupees. Thus, it is easily affordable for even
the poorest sections of the society and hence has a wide range of usage.
You can listen to
radio using dry battery cells even if you do not have electric power supply or
a generator. So in a country like ours, where electricity has
not reached everywhere, radio is a great blessing.
Don’t you move your radio set at home from the living room to the kitchen or as you go out somewhere? You can’t do that very easily with television. This facility of moving an object which is called ‘portability’ gives radio an advantage. These days if you have a car and a radio in it, you can listen to it as you drive or travel. Can you think of watching television, when you are driving?
But you can always have a radio in a car or wherever you want. Radio can accompany and entertain anywhere. One can have it at home, at picnic resort, while driving or at any other occasion.
Unless you are
literate, you can’t read a newspaper or read captions or text on
television. But things are not at all
same in the case of radio. For listening to
radio, you need not be literate at all. You can listen to
programmes or news in any language on the radio. Especially
in developing countries, with its language being simple, live and direct, radio
can have a huge reach among the illiterate and semi-literate people.
8. Rural connect:
For a majority of Indians in the rural areas,
radio is the only source of news and entertainment. Radio news can be
heard anywhere using an inexpensive receiver. Even the most
economically backward sections can afford to use the medium of radio.
Radio is the best medium of entertainment. It provides healthy entertainment to the listeners.There is plenty of music of different types available to people. The popular types of music are classical, light classical, light, devotional, folk and film music.
10 Radio speaks to individual/ an intimate medium
11 Radio speaks to millions/ A Mass Medium
It is a much cheaper and easily available
medium. It cost much less
to set up a radio station as compared to a TV station. The very term broadcasting indicates a
wide scattering of the output covering every home, village, town, city and
country within the range of transmitter. Also it is totally free to air.
12 The Transient nature of radio
Broadcasting imposes a strict discipline
of having to be there at the right time. The transitory nature also mean, besides hearing, listener also
understand it at the time of broadcast.
13 Radio has no boundaries
Radio signals has no
territorial limits. Its signal can clear mountain barriers and may cross ocean
deeps. No
geographical features can be an obstacle for the transmission of radio signal.
14 Radio as background
Radio is less demanding medium in that it
permits to do other things also at the same time. Thus, radio runs in background
and aids one in performing multitasking.
15 Radio is selective
Radio is a linear medium. The selection process takes place in the
studio and the listener is presented with a single thread of material.
16 Radio lacks space
Radio has boundation of time and lack of
space. It can allow less
space to advertisement and personal announcements than paper.
17 The personality of radio
The great advantage of aural medium over
print lies in the sound of human voice. A voice is capable of conveying much more than reporter’s speech.
18 Radio teaches
As a medium of education it excels with
concept as well as facts. However, it lacks the ability to demonstrate and show (charts & graphs), but proved helpful for villagers.
19 Radio has music
The range of wide variety of music
relaxes and stimulates including pleasure, excitement, or curiosity.
1.
National Institute of Open Schooling
2. Indian Media Studies
3. https://www.slideshare.net/arzoosahni/ec-radio-characteristics-of-radio
4. https://www.indianmediastudies.com/characteristics-of-radio/
6. https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/engineering/electrical/radio/uses-of-radio-waves
